犹太人的故事（2013）

还有这张...呵呵..
..here's three incredibly dirt-encrusted,nebbishy types.
三个颓废的糟老头，衣服上的污渍日久年深都板结了好像...
You know these,these are the bad uncles,really,
就像我们常听说的那种酒鬼大叔，
who've had a bit too much vodka
醉醺醺的混迹终日
and there they all are, just sitting there,a bit curious.
照片里这3人对着镜头还颇有些好奇
This is a world that lives and breathes
这些照片里的世界，是活生生的市井百态
and dances and sings,really.
亦歌♥亦舞，毫无造作的人间烟火
And it's not sentimental - it's real.
而且这里边包含的--不是感伤---而是真实！
'Shut out from the cities, from professions and universities,
这些犹太人可以说一无所有，
进不了城，受不了高等教育，多数职业对他们而言也都可望不可及
'forbidden to own land,
东欧还禁止犹太人拥有土地
'shtetl Jews looked inwards to their own culture for enrichment.
然而，犹太市镇的人们的精神世界却是另一番丰腴的景象
'To the outside world, they looked impoverished,
外界看他们是穷困贫瘠的
'but they had the treasure of their holy books
他们不知道犹太人的黄金屋在书里
'bequeathed by countless generations of sages.
前代先贤大儒们手口相传下来的知识就是财富
'From the kheyder schools,
比如Kheyder学校里
'where the Hebrew teacher taught fidgeting children
由希伯莱语教师向顽童们教授
'every word of the Torah and Talmud...
《圣经》和《塔木德》，并耐心的逐字解析
'..to the deep culture of self-help and charity,where everyone,
还有根深蒂固的传统，比如社区自助与慈善机构
'from the rabbi to the old folk in their retirement home,
从拉比到老人院里的老头老太
'had an allotted place. The shtetl was a wraparound world,
人人都居有其所，各司其职。 这些小小的犹太村落可以说五脏俱全
'a micro-state shaped to survive
个个都是致力求存的小小国度
'amidst the repressive policies of the Russian tsars.
在沙俄的各种高压政策之下挣扎求生。
'And perhaps one of the most enduring and painful memories
当年东欧犹太村镇生活中，最长久苦痛的
'of shtetl life
记忆之一
'was the forced conscription of Jewish boys as young as 12
大概就是沙俄的一项政策，规定满12岁的犹太男童
'into the Russian Army for up to 25 years.
强制征召入伍。这一执行就是25年之久！
'It's hardly surprising,then, that there were times
不过呢， 一贯灰色的生活却也不乏亮色
'when the shackles would be cast off in a collective frenzy of joy.'
一年里总有些时候大家可以放开包袱，聚众狂欢
Times are hard in the shtetl.
犹太村镇里的日子大多艰难
The rabbi's on his last legs, nobody can make a living any more.
比如我们村里的老拉比快咽气啦...比如隔壁村家家都快揭不开锅啦....
The Cossacks are round the corner.
还有哥萨克骑兵又在磨刀霍霍啦...
[关键词: 哥萨克 屠犹]
What do we all need? We need a simcha!
悲催的日子里， 咱需要的是HIGH一下，咱要的是喜事！
[simcha一词英文wiki有详解. 简单说就是开心.放开胸怀]
And the best simcha of all is a hossnah,a wedding.
那么还有啥事能比一场婚礼更欢乐呢？
Weddings are the time when the whole shtetl comes together.
村里只要有婚礼， 大家都欢聚一堂
In these streets around here in the shtetl,
村里，街上，
at the beginning would be the niggun -
先是大队的Niggun---
the procession,slow,dignified -
迎亲的队伍，盛装之下，缓缓而行， 还有乐队相伴，
the bride being led into the square by the two mothers,
双方亲家母领着新娘步进村中广场
two mothers,one on each side, under the chuppah they go.
两位亲家母一边站一个，搀着新娘走过华盖
Their friends say the seven blessings - the Sheva Brachot -
然后新人的朋友负责说出七项祝福(The Sheva Brachot)
the groom stamps on the glass finally,
最后，新郎踩碎玻璃杯
with the left or right foot, I can never remember which,
到底是用哪个脚，我从来就没记住
because in all weddings,in all simchas and all moments of joy,
不管是哪家婚礼， 只要是开怀时刻
there must be a moment of sorrow.
就不能没有忆苦的环节
We must remember the destruction of the Temple,
所以新郎踩碎玻璃杯是象征着大家都必须铭记圣殿的毁灭
sorrow and happiness - such a Jewish idea.
悲喜交集才是犹太人惯有的理念嘛
The crowd go crazy. "Mazel tov!" they shout.
然后来宾们开始狂欢...."Mazel Tov "之声此起彼伏
The klezmorim,the cream of music from all around,
乐队开足了马力演奏起来
[cream of music不知作何解 #]
the skirling clarinet, the cimbal,the cimbalom,
各种乐器齐声唱响:黑管，铜钹，扬琴
the whirling fiddle,the drums.
还有令人眼花的小提琴炫技和各种鼓乐
[注意fiddle和小提琴是有区别的.这里为翻译简单还是用'小提琴
Dancing starts,and maybe even if the rabbi is not so well,
所有人都舞成一团，甚至是村里的拉比，只要身体允许
he starts the dancing,
也会加入舞团
the men on one side, the women on the other.
男女宾客分作两边各自欢歌♥笑语着:
Rasanka,mazel tov, and the rabbi himself dances
"---恭喜啊恭喜". 拉比本人也随众起舞
and dances with his eyes burning, because an old Jewish saying says,
眼中闪着快乐的光芒。 犹太人有一句老话说的好:
"Every man is an instrument and his life is the melody."
"每一个躯壳就是一种乐器，奏出的旋律啊---叫做生活"
'For many shtetl Jews, feeling the joy,
对于许多犹太村镇的居民来说
感知喜悦
'letting it course through the body,
全身心的投入开怀一刻这样的事，
'wasn't something that should be reserved for a wedding.
并非只能局限于一两场婚礼
'And that deep craving for an ecstatic Judaism
这种对于犹太教义中的极致喜悦之情的深切渴盼
'sparked the astounding mass phenomenon of Hasidism.'
催生出了一种令人惊诧的群体现象---哈西德教派以及哈西德主义
[可以理解为犹太教里的平民教派。主张与上帝直接沟通，可以不通过拉比或者圣经等典籍。有时候看着像是正统拉比犹太教的HIGH派分支 ^_^]
ALL SAY PRAYER TOGETHER
VOLUME INCREASES
'Unlike traditional Jewish Orthodoxy,
该教派与传统意义上的正统犹太教派不同
'that centred almost exclusively
他们认为，不能只聚焦在
'on the study of the Torah and the Talmud,
对于圣经和塔木德经的研习之上
'Hasidism also urged Jews to commune with God directly
还应该尽量尝试与上帝直接交流
'through joyous bouts of singing and dancing
方式有很多， 比如载歌♥载舞
'and ecstatic trance-like prayer.
或者可以是摇头晃脑的祈祷 #
'That's what God wants.
这才是上帝想要的朝拜方式...
'Turn somersaults before the Ark if the holy mood takes you.
只要情绪到了，只要感知到了上帝的存在，
即便在约柜那样的圣器面前翻个筋斗也未尝不可
'The idea was to melt the soul into the Shekinah,
此教派的本意，是希望信徒们可以全心融入圣光之中
[注意Shekinah含义有点复杂。请查英文wiki]
'the divine radiance that flows through all earthly things.
---尽情沐浴那泽被万物的圣洁光芒。
'Hasidism has left an extraordinary imprint on the Jewish world,
在犹太世界里， 哈西德教派实在是很抢眼球，
'but to understand why it emerged
不过你还要继续深入栅栏区，并且从时间上倒流300年
'one has to travel further into the Pale and back 300 years.
才有可能理解这一教派当初是怎么出现的
'The shtetl of Satanov in Ukraine was once deep Hasidic country.
在乌克兰的Satanov， 当年的犹太村镇曾经是哈西德教派十分繁荣之地
'The number and sheer exuberance of the gravestones
只要看一眼数量巨大的犹太墓碑
'reveal the prosperity and vitality of the Jewish presence here.
就不难知道此地原先是非常兴旺的犹太聚居地
'They burst with animal energy and Hasidic high spirits.
墓碑上的各种雕刻与装饰也展示着万物生机与欢动的哈西德气氛
'Hares spin on a cosmic wheel,
你看这里有 不停转动时空之轮的野兔；
[这些大概都是犹太教神话或者寓言故事 #]
'bears clamber for grapes on the tree of life,
攀上生命之树采葡萄的熊；
'lions are rampant as Jewish lions must be.
还有活力四射的象征犹太人的狮子
[狮子在犹太教里是常见的动物形象。比如用于比喻犹太各部；大卫王也被喻为狮心。圣经里多达150处提到狮子，描述和隐喻都有]
'This community clearly didn't tremble in terror,
看来这个犹太社区并未遭到多少恐怖对待
'but terror was never far away descending on Satanov,
不过Satanov这地方向来离恐怖之事不远
'not just in the form of famine and plague,
除了饥荒与疫病
'but rampaging Cossacks who singled out Jews for slaughter
还有狂暴的哥萨克人，专挑犹太人下手，恣意屠♥杀♥。
'as the protected people of their hated enemy,the Polish king.
因为哥萨克人与波兰国王为敌，而犹太人恰是波兰国王的保护对象。
'That's why Satanov's Jews built their synagogue as a fortress.
这也是为什么此地的犹太教堂可以兼做堡垒
'And if the horrors receded, the memories didn't
即使恐怖退潮，记忆烙印也无法褪色
'and many Jews felt that the traditional leaders
此时，许多犹太人眼中的传统领头人---
'of the religious community,
宗教社区的族长们
'the severe masters of the Talmud,
尽管严循塔木德经的各种教诲
'fell short of answering their spiritual and emotional needs.'
他们在应对教民们日渐增长的精神与情感需求之时，却时常深感无力
Into the breach stepped a group of itinerant mystics
在这当口，登上台面，应对这些需求的是一群四处巡游的神秘学团体，
called the Baal Shem, the Masters of the Name.
带头的这些人被称为叫Baal Shem,
通常称之为"好名之师" (也做'神名之师', '美名之师')
[哈西德运动渊源很深.起源于草根.]
Whose name? Well,God's,of course!
那么，这里的名，指的是谁的名？ ---当然是上帝之名！
And these were masters who, through secret knowledge,
这些犹太精神导师们，通过神秘学识与学说
could manipulate the letters of God's name to protect you from harm.
运用天主之名里的各个字符，来保护教民不受外界伤害
'Those secrets were derived from the ancient mystical tradition
这些神秘学说大多派生自一门古老传统的神秘犹太学说
'of the kabbalah,a doctrine of esoteric knowledge
即卡巴拉神秘主义---一种深奥的神秘主义教条与学识
'revealing profound truths about the nature of God and the universe.
着力于揭示与深挖 宇宙和上帝的本源，真♥相♥等等...
'Kabbalistic tradition has it that the very substance of the world
传统的卡巴拉学派认为，形成天地的基本物质
'was made of letters,alef for air, shin - fire,mem - water
来源于三个希伯莱字母: 水 火 土
[中国人微笑不语...]
'and the most powerful and dangerous letters of all
而在诸多字母中，威力和危险性都称霸的
'were the many holy names of God,
是那种类繁多的对于上帝神圣名讳的称呼,
'which could be rearranged and chanted
它们可以被重新排列组合，并用与咏唱
'to perform miracles on Earth,
由是，可施行神迹于世间
'bringing the infinite of the divine into the finite world of man.'
将有限的世俗目光引入无限的神谕和启示之中。
MAN SINGS
'It was an extraordinary moment in Jewish history,
在犹太历史中， 这样的时刻非同凡响。
'a moment when wonder-working rabbis,
那些行神迹的拉比们
'ascending into the heavenly courts of God
在仪式中仿佛可以直达天庭
'to defend their people from harm,
护民于水火
'struck a profound chord with the people of the Pale
这样的行为都在栅栏区引起广泛的深度共鸣。
'and the most legendary of them all
他们中最传奇的
'was the man who came to be known as the founder of Hasidism,
是 Baal Shem Tov， 美名之师
[哈西德派创始人.
原名:Yisroel (Israel) ben Eliezer.
通常称其Israel Ba'al Shem Tov,1700-1760.
或译为: 以色列.巴尔.谢姆.托夫
意即'通晓神名之人
'the Baal Shem Tov - the Master of the Good Name.
公认为哈西德派之父
[背景是1878年创作的名画
《Hasidic Jews praying in the synagogue on Yom Kippur》]
'And over the next 100 years, his followers,known as tzaddiks,
之后100年里，Baal Shem Tov的追随者们---"Tzaddik"
[Tzaddik 哈西德教派的宣教师.一译为柴迪克 可以世袭
即"义者"或"正义者". 指的是体现犹太教理想的正义之士。]
'righteous men, became kings among Jews,
那些被称作"正义者"的信徒们， 成为犹太普罗大众里的领头人
'creating courts with tribes of young followers,