犹太人的故事（2013）

The exodus of Jewish communities
from Muslim lands
这一幕幕的现代出埃及记
almost doubled the population
of Israel in just a few years -
在短短几年内使以色列人口几乎翻倍
the first, but not the last,
demographic tidal wave
这是首次但绝非末次大规模的移♥民♥潮，
to engulf this tiny country.
令新生的以色列国几乎招架不住
In the decades that followed,
随后几十年间
millions more would come
when they could,
只要条件允许，犹太人就继续涌来，数量以百万计。
from places as far apart
as India, East Africa,
远至印度，东非
the Caucasus and Russia.
高加索地区和俄♥罗♥斯♥
This was a country for Jews,
这个几乎全部是犹太人组成的国家
but it also became one of the most
diverse in the whole world.
同时也是世界上最多元化的国家之一
The state did all it could
国家尽其所能的
to forge a common identity
for these new arrivals.
为这些新移♥民♥打造统一身份
Hebrew was the armature
而希伯莱语，则是粘合剂
around which a Jewish-Israeli
identity would be built.
是打造以色列犹太人身份认知所必不可少的元素
The ancient language of the Bible
在建设一个现代犹太国的需求下，
adapting itself to the demands
of a modern state.
圣经使用的古老语言逐步自我调节并适应着新的需求。
[希伯莱语曾经濒临死亡.以色列建国后重新启用并发展为如今的现代希伯莱语]
'希伯莱语'
Israel exploded the stereotype
以色列还打破了以往对犹太人的老看法
of Jews as weak, rootless victims.
孱弱，流离失所的受害者形象一去不返
Here, the Jews were enterprising,
muscular and vigorous.
如今的新犹太人锐意进取，肌肉发达，精力旺盛。
Those born here were nicknamed
"sabra" - prickly pears,
生于以色列的第二代移♥民♥被冠以"sabra"的绰号♥---仙人球
tough and uncompromising
on the outside,
取意外表坚忍♥
soft and sweet on the inside -
and the rest of the world
而内心和善。
而世界上的其他人
would just have to
get used to dealing with them.
则要学会渐渐习惯与这些新生的犹太人打交道。
And this is when I played
my own modest part in the miracle.
而我本人也曾参与这一奇迹般的建国历程，"扮演"过一个小角色
In 1963, I worked for two months
on a kibbutz called Beit HaEmek.
1963年， 我曾到这个名叫Beit HaEmek的小基布兹劳动过两个月。
Returning nearly 50 years later
brought it all back.
50年过后 旧地重游，往昔犹如历历在目
Freddy Kahana, Beit HaEmek's
resident architect and planner,
负责带我各处转转的，是Freddy Kahana
who's been on the kibbutz for
more than 60 years, showed me round.
他在此地居住逾一甲子
是留场建筑规划师
These are the original houses
of Beit HaEmek.
Freddy:"这些是原来就有房♥子..."
You probably remember them.
I do remember.
"说不定你还记得..."
Simon:"我是记得..."
I remember the lawns very well
and I remember the olive trees.
"这些草地啊，橄榄树啊，我都记得"
The trees have grown up,
Freddy:"你看这些树都长大了"
and a bit of the landscape
has changed. Yeah.
"还有部分景观有变化"
"是啊..."
But these are the original houses
of Beit HaEmek.
"不过这些的确是本地原有的房♥舍"
Maybe some of these trees
are 200 years old, 300 years old.
"也许那边的几棵树都两三百年了吧..."
They're very beautiful.
"这些树美极了"
It looks like a comfortable enough
kind of place, but in its day,
这里看起来完全是个和谐温馨之家。不过，回到当年
Beit HaEmek and the other
270 kibbutzes of Israel
就像遍布以色列的其他270个基布兹一样，
were once the scene of a radical
new departure in the Jewish story.
Beit HaEme绝对算是犹太人故事中的全新篇章
The kibbutz blended
the Zionist dream
基布兹既融合了重建一个新犹太国的
of building a new Jewish country
锡安复兴之梦
with a secular, socialist vision
of building a better world.
同时也体现了世俗化的社♥会♥主♥义♥者改良世界的愿望
For a Jewish teenager like me,
it was an irresistible blend
完全一幅浪漫的社会理想主义图景，
充满了未知，冒险和阳光气息
of romance, social idealism,
adventure and sunshine.
当年的犹太青少年比如我，自然是心向往之
The reason I came to Beit HaEmek was
Simon:"我当年之所以来Beit HaEmek基布兹"
I was a member of a Zionist
youth group in London, Habonim,
"主要因为我是伦敦一个复国运动组织的成员，叫Habonim"
being drawn to the ideals of, um...
"组织里的各种小青年"
communalist and socialist Zionism
"都对这种带着合作公社与社♥会♥主♥义♥色彩的锡安运动充满向往"
pretty much as an alternative
to a religious life.
"总之就是宗教生活之外的别样世界"
I wanted a different kind of Jewish
"对我来说，我期盼着做一个不同的犹太人"
from the Judaism
that the Synagogue offered.
"而不是教堂和教义所宣扬的那种老传统"
The kibbutz movement,
when it came, had...
Freddy:"基布兹运动初起之时"
They were secular, they weren't
religious, they didn't pray,
"投身其中的都是世俗犹太人，他们并不哈宗教，连祷告都不做"
but they were Jewish.
And this raises the question,
"不过他们总归是犹太人，因此，问题就出来了"
what is then Judaism
under those circumstances?
"在这样的情境之中，怎样才是犹太主义，犹太人的特点还在吗 ？" #
And the kibbutz movement,
in effect,
"而基布兹运动，从某个时期开始，"
at some stage, decided that
they were the new Judaism...
"从事实上 创造了一种新的犹太主义和新的犹太人"
..and started to define,
redefine Judaism in its own image.
"基布兹人用自己的面貌来开始定义，或者说重新定义了犹太特征"
And all this created in Israel
a new way of being Jewish,
"并以此在以色列开辟了一条如何做犹太人的新路子"
and it's a secular way.
"也就是世俗犹太人的生活模式"
And if there's a secular...
community in Israel today,
"今天以色列的各种世俗生活以及各种世俗社区"
it owes a great deal to the
foundations of the meaning of it,
"都在很大程度上归功于当年的基布兹人打下的基础"
which was created in the kibbutzim.
"和他们一手创造的各种基布兹农场"
Kibbutzniks were never more than
a tiny percentage of the population,
基布兹的居民人数占以色列人口比重极小
but their influence was enormous.
不过他们的影响力巨大
They were the elite
of the new social-democratic Israel,
这些人属于新兴的以色列社会民♥主♥主义菁英
a progressive bloc who,
for decades, would dominate
这一群开明人士在 随后的数十年里
the country's political,
social and cultural heights.
几乎主宰了国家政♥治♥，社会和文化的方方面面
But even these irreproachably
liberal, right-minded,
不过即使这样一群侧头侧尾崇尚自♥由♥，公正
left-leaning Jews had to struggle
左倾的犹太人，在历史现实面前
to come to terms with
the historical reality
也只能无奈妥协
on which their bright new future
was being built.
因为他们也知道，很多时候，自己的耀眼前景
到底构建在什么之上？
In the case of Beit HaEmek, an Arab
village called Kuwaykat.
比如这个Beit HaEmek基布兹，
原先是个叫Kuwaykat的阿♥拉♥伯村子.
I must admit, I was not happy
Freddy:"没错，这个基布兹原先是个阿♥拉♥伯村庄"
about the fact that this was
sitting on an Arab village.
"我对此的确心存芥蒂"
I didn't feel good about it,
but I accepted it. It wasn't that.
"每每想起来感觉的确不好，但这是事实。 而问题不在这里"
The problem was simply not that,
"很简单，问题并不在此处"
and over the years,
we expanded the kibbutz.
"多年以来，我们逐步拆毁原先的阿♥拉♥伯房♥舍"
We took down the Arab houses,
"同时将基布兹渐渐扩大"
we expanded the kibbutz
on top of the Arab village
"如今这么大面♥积♥的基布兹就是建在被夷平的阿♥拉♥伯村庄之上。"
and, looking back now, we can say,
OK, we didn't think about it,
"如今回头再看，我们当时根本无暇多顾"
maybe we should have thought about
it. But that's not the point.
"也许我们是该好好想想，可这不是重点"
It's important to remember
where we are
"重点在于，要记住我们身处何地"
and also why we're here.
"以及我们犹太人缘何置身于此？"
I have no regrets, personally,
but it's not an easy subject.
"我个人问心无愧，只是这问题太复杂了."
The dream of a Jewish state
梦中的犹太国
was always going to be
rather different from the reality.
总是与现实出入极大
In Israel, ideals and aspirations
are challenged every day
群敌环伺下的以色列，
by the complexities of survival
理想与抱负每天要面对的挑战
in a world that mostly
remains hostile.
都源于复杂的生存二字。
Photographer Micha Bar-Am
has been recording the struggle
摄影师Micha Bar-Am在过去50多年里记录的
between aspiration and reality
for more than 50 years.
正是现实与理想之间的种种争斗.
It's a kind of a witnessing,