犹太人的故事（2013）

强调对于圣经里包含的
contained within the Hebrew Bible.
摩西律法必须虔诚遵循
And one eye on the present day,
另一手着重于跟进时代
where those laws had somehow to be honoured
确保在以特定方式谨遵犹太律法的同时
without the institution that once supported them.
不用拘泥于那些旧时的繁文缛节与条条框框 #
When the vast and magnificent temple in Jerusalem went,
故都圣殿固然已经逝去
it was replaced by an equally vast edifice of words.
然而犹太人却在心中用语言和文字再次建起了新的圣殿，同样的宏大，且不遑多让 #
In a breathtaking decision, the Rabbis decided
拉比们大胆果断地认为
that the words of the Torah, the Bible law,
光靠圣经律法已不足以填补
were not enough to fill the void,
逝去的圣殿所遗下的空洞。他们甘冒巨大风险，
and that they needed supplementing with the oral tradition
宣布那些靠口头传承的各种典籍制度，也将具有等同于书面律法的效力
which would henceforth have the status of law.
以此作为纸面圣经律法的有效增补。
This work was called the Mishna and it was begun here at Sepphoris.
而这种被后世称为Mishna 的律法集，正是发端于Sepphoris
[Mishna,希伯莱语原意为 重复 或者 位置第二的
通常译为《密西拿》属于犹太教口传律法集《塔木德》
的前半部和条文部分]
The Mishna attempted to catalogue systematically
Mishna律法集 尝试着系统地对散落于圣经♥文♥中的
the commandments that are scattered throughout the Torah,
各种典章律法进行分门别类的整理
and to record the many oral interpretations
围绕着这些律法条款的，还有为数众多的各类口传释义版本，也同时
that had clustered around them.
得到了整理与记录
The authors of the Mishna aimed to cover everything in Jewish life,
Mishna律法集的编撰者们的目的，是做一部包罗万象的犹太生活指南
from circumcision to funerals.
从出生到葬礼(各种事情咋办咋整)应有尽有
[犹太人一般是婴儿时即行割礼]
And unlike the Torah,their work was helpfully arranged in subjects.
而且，与圣经不同，Mishna律法集可以算是各种主题鲜明，
极有针对性的"生活助手"
If you wanted to know about divorce,
想知道关于离婚的事？
you went to the book called Women - Nashim.
可以查Nashim律
[希伯莱文意即"妇女".Nashim律涉及男女关系，婚姻家庭等]
If you wanted to know which crops to sow and harvest,
想知道当季要哪种作物该播种了或者哪种作物该收成了
you went to Zaraim - Seeds.
你可以查看Zaraim律 -- "种子篇"
[也做Zeraim 英文意为 order of seeds]
And if you wanted to know what not to do on the Sabbath,
如果你想知道安息日有哪些事不能做？
they offered 39 varieties of prohibition
那么Mishna律法集的安息日那一节里
in the chapter on the Sabbath.
给你提供了39种禁忌之事以供对照:
Thinking of tearing something? Don't do it.
各种撕扯动作？ 不准！
Thinking of curing a hide? Absolutely don't do it.
整理保养各类毛皮制品？ 绝对不准！ #
Thinking of lighting a fire? Don't even think about that.
生火 ？想都别想！
And the Mishna was just the start of what,over the next four centuries,
Mishna律法集只是个开始，编撰工作继续了400多年，
would expand into the Talmud.
最终集大成于 《Talmud 口传律法集汇编》
[通常译作《塔木德》."共20卷1万2千多页，250多万字，包括《密西拿》《革马拉》《米德拉西》3个部分，是历史上2000多位犹太学者对自己民族、历史、文化、智慧的发掘、思考和提炼。
That endless hypertext made up of the voices of hundreds of rabbis...
这一看似无穷无尽超级文本，集数百位 拉比 语录于一身
..all circling obsessively around the central dilemma of post-temple Judaism -
而且全都着迷般的围绕着后圣殿时代犹太教义所面临的核心难题，
此"题"说令所有犹太人进退两难---
how to stay Jewish in a non-Jewish world.
即---如何真正做到身在曹营心在汉？！
(如何在非犹的大世界里做一个真正的犹太人。)
Ever wonder why Jews are so argumentative?
是不是搞不懂为啥我们犹太人这么好辩？
Because it is in fact part of our religion.
因为，事实上，好辩正是我们宗教信仰的一部分。
This is my old friend Leon Wieseltier,
这位是我的老友Leon Wieseltier
someone with whom I've had my fair share of arguments over the years.
我与他就各种议题经年争论不休
But we both agree that the Talmud would become the foundation stone
不过我们一致同意 ，对于流落异乡的犹太人而言，
for the rebuilding of Jewish life in exile.
《Talmud》可以说是重建他们生活的基石
The fact is that this became the durable,stable,tenacious tradition
Leon:"《Talmud》实质上已经成为四处迁徙，居无定所的犹太人日常遵循的"
of people who lived in many places and were often on the move.
"习俗大全，久经时间考验，内容稳固，且历久弥新" #
It's suitcase-ready. That's right,it's suitcase-ready.
Ｓｉｍｏｎ：＂而且还便携，随身走天涯＂
Ｌｅｏｎ：＂没错没错＂
You see rabbis sometimes who don't even share the same century
Simon:"拉比们甚至可以通过《Talmud》跨世纪的分享各种辩论"
arguing among themselves. Absolutely.
Leon:"绝对如此！"
[由于《塔木德》被持续编撰汇集，书本越来越厚，某种意义上可说类似于主帖和回帖在不断盖楼]
Here you have the commentaries
Leon:"你看这里，各种评论"
that surround the text of the Mishna and the Talmud - 11th-century France,
＂被编撰环绕在Ｍｉｓｈｎａ和Ｔａｌｍｕｄ律文周遭，
你看这里有１１世纪法国拉比的评论＂
12th- and 13th-century France,

＂还有这里是１２世纪和１３世纪的法国拉比评论＂
11th-century Tunisia.
"这儿是 11世纪 突尼斯拉比的评论..."
The interpretation never ends.
"对各种律法的各种解释和诠释可以说是无止境的..."
Nothing ever gets fixed, I mean,that's,you know...
Simon:"所有条文都不是一成不变的..."
And it never gets frozen.
Leon : "而且绝非固步自封---"
Remember,this civilisation that was based on the law that was established in Talmud
Leon :"别忘了，若非如此适应周遭环境并随之变化，
那么以Talmud为基础的各种律法
would have disappeared long ago if it had not learned to adapt to circumstances.
所撑起的犹太文明早就该消亡了..."
So it has a kind of organic quality.
Simon:"所以Talmud口传律法集从某种意义上说，就像是活物一般"
It is deeply organic. Enduring,adapting...
Leon :"没错， 活生生的.."
Simon :"它在不断的适应环境，持续更新."
But it adapted in ways that would not damage its own integrity.
Leon :"不过它虽然与时俱进，却也同时保持了自身的完整，
做到了以不变应万变"
It was written for an endless future. It was created for an endless future.
Leon: "它的下笔与成书都着眼于未来"
One of the places where that future unfolded was in ancient Rome,
‘未来’，对于当年流落于帝都古罗马的犹太人来说
the capital city of the empire
才刚刚开始...
that had torn the heart out of Jewish life.
而罗马铁蹄给他们带来的撕心之痛还历历在目.
But like the Jews of Sapphoris, the Jews of Rome chose life.
但是， 与Sepphoris的犹太人一样， 罗马的犹太人"拣选了生命"
How do we know?
我们何以得知呢？
Well,to answer that question,you have to come to a place of death.
好吧，要回答这问题，你必须来到"死者之地"---
'This is an underground cemetery
就是罗马的一处地下陵园
'dating from around the 3rd century AD.
此地始于公元3世纪
'When it was discovered,
最初被发掘出来时
'it was assumed that these were early Christian catacombs.
大家原以为这里是早期的基♥督♥徒地下墓窖群
[早期的基♥督♥徒在罗马也是过街耗子...]
'Until this was found.
直到后来发现了这个标志---
'A Jewish menorah.'
犹太烛台
And that is a powerful eternal symbol.
Simon:"这是犹太人广为流传的不朽标识"
And unmistakable,very simple.
"毫无疑问且简洁明了"
'With my guide,Elsa Laurenzi, I explored this maze of tunnel tombs
"我在向导Elsa Laurenzi的带领下游走于这片地下甬道里的墓葬迷宫"
'where all kinds of Jews were buried.
"眼见各种犹太墓葬"
'Rich,poor,young and old.'
"无论贵贱，不分老幼..."
Multicoloured stripe,
Simon:"你看这五彩的线条"
that's beautiful, like representations of the temple.
"美极了。就像你正在步入圣殿一般" #
'The deeper we went, the further from the daylight,
越往深处，光线越暗，
'the more startling the catacombs became.
所见的墓窖就越震撼
'We found date palms - a Jewish symbol of resurrection.
壁画上有枣椰树---犹太人眼中的重生的象征
'Peacocks - symbols of creation.
有孔雀--代表创造力
'Flying horses,
有飞马
'and what looked to me very much like Cupids.'
甚至还有我看起来像丘比特的人物壁画
There's an old tradition in Judaism of describing the afterlife
犹太教义里有一项老说法，描述了往生的世界
as a Gan Eden - a Garden of Eden,a paradise garden,
称其为 "Gan Eden" --即伊甸园，天堂花♥园♥
and this place teems with nature.
园内花鸟鱼虫，生机盎然
My mother used to say,"I'm going to the paradise garden one day."
我母亲就常说：“总有一天我要归去天堂花♥园♥的”
And so the Jews in this subterranean world
因此， 这里的犹太人，在他们的地下世界里
dwelt in that paradise garden.
的确居住在天国花♥园♥中
They had no sense at all that there was any danger any time soon,
在此处，他们可以安然长眠于天国，
that they were going to be kicked out of a common paradise.
而不用担心啥时候会被踢出冥界，不得安"生"
[也许指的是地上的犹太人墓地经常遭到恶意毁坏和强拆]
Above ground,Rome was changing.
同时，地上的世界里，罗马城正在经历巨变
A pagan empire with its belief in many gods
由于康斯坦丁大帝皈依基♥督♥，
[公元313年由他颁布米兰敕令，宣布基♥督♥教合法]
was transformed into a Christian one...
罗马，这个异教帝国原先的多神信仰体系
..with the conversion of an emperor, Constantine,
已经转变为基♥督♥教一神信仰
in the fourth century AD.
时间是公元四世纪。
For the Jews under Roman rule, life was about to change.
对于罗马治下的犹太人来说，生活将为之变化
[很多人相信颁布《米兰敕令》标志着对犹太人的迫♥害♥转向国家化]
This is one of the oldest Christian churches in Rome.
这里是罗马城内最古老的基♥督♥教堂之一
It was built as a mausoleum for Constantine's daughter, Constantina -
原为康斯坦丁大帝之女Constantina的陵堂
Santa Costanza as she became.
后世称她为Santa Costanza (圣康斯坦察/圣康斯坦莎)
Its massive splendour is the measure of how far Christianity had come
从这座教堂的高大上可以看出，自康斯坦丁大帝皈依，到公主过世
between Constantine's conversion and Constantina's death.
这段时间里，基♥督♥教已经得到了长足的发展。
From tolerated sect on the periphery of empire...
已经从原先帝国郊省那种勉强被容纳的"野狐禅",
..to state religion at its very heart.
登堂入室，摇身一变晋为国教。
The fourth-century mosaics revel in the power of that transformation.
你看的这幅作于四世纪的马赛克壁画，当时基♥督♥教初登大宝
的那种狂喜几乎跃然'画'上.
Christ appears as a youthful god emperor with lustrous golden tresses
画面中心的耶稣基♥督♥金色长发泛着柔软的光泽，身着丝质长袍，
and silken robes.
一身的英气勃发，君临天下。
But to his right is the man who,
可是，对于犹太人来说，至少在他们的记事里，
for the Jewish story at least, really matters -
基♥督♥右侧的那人，才是关键
St Paul.
他就是圣保罗
Born a Jew,like his saviour, was Paul,who within a few years of Jesus's death
保罗与其救主基♥督♥一样，都是犹太人。他在基♥督♥升♥天♥几年之内
began the process of liberating Christianity
就开始致力于将基♥督♥教义从其母教-犹太教的
from the chains of Jewish ritual.
各种仪式规程的束缚中解放出来
Christianity was either universal or it was nothing.
Simon:" 保罗认为基♥督♥教必须做到胜者通吃，否则就一无是处"
So Paul aggressively de-Judaises the Christian message
"于是他大肆着手于对基♥督♥教义的去犹太化"
and there was no surer way of doing that
"要这么做， 最佳途径就是"
than insisting on the divinity of Jesus.
"坚称基♥督♥的神性"
That violated the first supreme principle of Judaism,
"这与犹太教的首条最高准则--‘唯一真神’(主即为一，别无分号♥) " #
which was the indivisible oneness of God - echad.