犹太人的故事（2013）

斯洛伐克东部,Kosice市(科希策) Zvonarska街的犹太教堂遗址
'At first,it seemed like a place of utter desolation...
乍看此地，全然是断壁残垣...荒废已久...
'..but then I saw them,
不过多看两眼就不难发现
'the stylised angels' wings hovering over the ceiling.
穹顶上(描绘的)风格鲜明的天使之翼，似在迎风翱翔...
'Out of the dust burst the colours - the blues of heaven,
经年的浮尘即无法遮掩原先画中那湛蓝的天空
'the reds of the kings of Judah,the rainbows coming through the glass.
也无法掩盖那些象征犹太列王的整片朱红，
窗外的阳光透过彩窗投下片片斑驳的色彩，犹如彩虹一般
'And then,amidst all this absence, I began to sense the presence,
在这徒然四壁的废墟里矗立良久，我开始神游往昔...
'the cantor's chant, the murmuring banter,
恍惚间好似回到当年的Kosice市的犹太区，漫步在教堂之中，
听到领唱那悠扬的颂歌♥；听到孩子们的低声笑语；
[犹太教会堂或者基♥督♥教好几种派别的领唱都可以称为Cantor. ]
'and there in the galleries were the women of Jewish Kosice
好似看到教堂楼上回廊里聚集观礼的犹太妇女们
'and down below, the men in silks and hats.'
正在观望着楼下的犹太男人们，穿戴整齐地端坐礼拜...
[犹太人礼拜时必须戴帽子(Kippah)以示敬神.并且身着正装.
这里说的silks大概指丝质衣物.]
'In the spring of 1944, 15,700 Jews from Kosice -
1944年春，此地整个犹太社区的15700名犹太人
'the entire community,were sent to their deaths in Auschwitz,
都被押往奥斯威辛...
'but this wasn't a place that sat passively
不过，这里的犹太社区并非死水一潭
'waiting for its death sentence.
浑浑噩噩的等着头顶天塌.
'Before the Holocaust,Kosice,
在大屠♥杀♥之前
'like thousands of Jewish towns and villages
与散布在中东欧地区的上千个犹太村镇一样
'strung across Central and Eastern Europe,was alive,
此地的犹太文化也曾经生机勃勃
'thriving,confident,noisy -
自信，嘈杂，日子过的自在.
'the opera and the klezmer,
他们的生活中既有欧陆的歌♥剧，也有犹太音乐
[Klezmer 东欧犹太人的传统音乐，多用于庆典，包含各种舞曲和乐器演奏.比如电影《屋顶上的小提琴手》]
'the schnorrer beggars and the prosperous merchants,
街上有褴褛的乞丐，有殷实的商贾；
'the pushcart pedlars and the street-corner revolutionaries.
有忙于生计的贩夫走卒，也有街头巷尾的激进分子.
'That this world somehow flourished
这里的犹太人不屈不挠的
'despite all the pounding storms that would come its way
挺过了各种迫♥害♥与屠♥杀♥
'is an escape act so epic
其历程之跌宕起伏可说波澜壮阔
'that it counts as one of history's all-time redeeming miracles.
完全就是上演了一场史无前例的奇迹般的民族自我救赎
'Even when systematic annihilation overwhelmed the people,
即使在有步骤有预谋的种族灭绝中几近消亡
'the world that had nourished them survived.
中东欧犹太人和他们的文明也还是最终幸存了下来！
'This is the story about how this unique culture
本集故事，将带领我们看着犹太人独特的文化
'of faith and ferment, of poetry and music,
(如何)在信仰与动荡中起伏，在诗歌♥与音乐中绵延
'of a search for deliverance from brutality and oppression,
(如何)在残酷迫♥害♥中找寻解脱之道
'did not get pulverised by the hammer of history.
命中的魔星们来了又去，无一能碾碎犹太人的生机
'It just changed its address -
他们换个地方，又活下来了！
'from Minsk to Manhattan, from the shtetl to Hollywood
从明斯克到曼哈顿，从东欧的各种犹太小镇到好莱坞
'and ultimately from destruction to salvation.'
从大屠♥杀♥的废墟中走了出来，迈向救赎！
HE HOLDS NOTE
犹太人的故事 第四集
'Eastern Europe was once home to more than five million Jews,
(二战前)东欧地区曾生活着超过五百万犹太人
'the largest population of Jews in the world.
这里的犹太人数为当时世界之最
'They were the Ashkenazim,Yiddish speakers who first came east
他们即所谓Ashkenazim犹太人，祖上多是德系和法系犹太人
[Ashkenazim或译阿兹肯纳齐犹太人.简单说就是德系犹太人]
'from the valleys of Germany and France in search of refuge
说的是意第绪语，曾居于日耳曼和法兰西各谷地。
'from persecutions and expulsions some time around the 13th century.
饱受迫♥害♥和排挤才逃难而来，
初抵东欧的时间约为13世纪
'They would find it in what was then
他们落脚之处在当年叫做波兰立陶宛王国(以波兰为主)
'the largest and most tolerant state in Europe -
在彼时的欧洲各王国里面♥积♥最大
'the Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom.
而且(对外来者)极具包容性
'Pragmatists,not sentimentalists,
当时的波兰国王注重理性
'the Polish kings asked the Jews
而非感性。 犹太人在他治下
'to harvest their taxes,
不仅只是获准落脚暂住而已，
'allowing the Jews
还被委任犹太人为其王国的稽税员
[各种纠葛也由此产生.简单讲犹太人某种程度上成了波兰人的"枪".
广受底层各民族大众憎恨.历史原因盘根错节.可用波兰立陶宛，乌克兰，
二地主，犹太管家等关键词wiki]
'not just to settle,but to prosper.
使犹太人得到极大的发展。
'But when,at the end of the 18th century,
然而18世纪末
'the Kingdom was carved up
波兰立陶宛王国亡♥国♥，
'between Austria,Prussia
被奥地利，普鲁士与俄♥国♥瓜分
'and Russia, 'most Jews fell under Russian rule.
原先的大部分犹太人口落入俄♥国♥势力范围
'For Russian merchants,
对于俄♥国♥商人来说
'this new Jewish population was unwanted competition.
新(划进来)来的犹太竞争者当然是如鲠在喉
'Russia's response was to expel
俄♥国♥的做法是将犹太人
'the Jews from the major cities
逐出主要市镇
'and confine them
并将他们限制在
'to the Pale of Settlement
所谓的“栅栏居住区”
[就是个巨大的隔都. 下称"栅栏区
'stretching from the Baltic
其面♥积♥极大， 两头连着波罗的海
'to the Black Sea.
与黑海
'Somewhere at the northern end of it,
在这片栅栏区里面的北端某地
'in the neck of these Lithuanian woods,
一片立陶宛丛林的瓶颈处某个村子
'were my mother's family - the Steinbergs.
曾住着我母亲的娘家-Steinberg家族
'Like many Jews in the small towns of the Pale,called shtetls,
这些遍布栅栏区的犹太小村镇即所谓的Shtetls，
'they eked out a living as best they could,trading in illegal liquor,
村民们只能尽力维持生计，不得不干些违法的营生
'hustling in the markets and felling trees in the woods.'
贩卖♥♥私酒，做些蝇营狗苟的小生意，加上伐木维生
You don't really think about the Jews as woodland people very much.
犹太人并不是那么适合林地生活的
In fact,in Jewish tradition,
事实上， 犹太传统中
the woods are where demons lurked. Yet,somehow,
一直认为森林里鬼影崇崇
the Steinbergs and countless thousands of them
可是，无论如何， Steinberg家族和其他数以千记的
had to make a living
犹太难民们
in what was called the lumber business.
只能在伐木业里挣扎求生
The rich Jews got to ship it off to Hamburg and places west.
高端点的犹太人干轻松活，负责走水路把木材卖♥♥到西边，比如汉堡等地
My lot would cut and stack and log and pile.
我们这村子穷就只好干苦力，砍啊拖啊堆啊叠啊...
In our family,there were stories of the wolf attacks.
在那片大森林里，人只能不断的与自然斗争
我家就有关于野兽袭击的故事
My mother used to talk about her great-uncle
我老妈还常提到她叔祖
[此处great-uncle也许应作‘叔祖’.或者‘牛逼叔叔’？]
showing off his wolf scars on his birthday.
庆生的时候炫耀被狼咬的伤疤...
The Lithuanian Jews,the Litvaks,
这些被称为Litvak的立陶宛犹太人
took a kind of pride in the harshness of their world.
在艰难时世中昂首前行，坚毅果敢
They'd be kind of fierce and flinty.
造就了颇为彪悍的民风
I'll tell you how you can tell the difference,
我告诉你立陶宛犹太人
the way Lithuanian Jews felt about themselves,
和南边的波兰犹太人
and Polish Jews to the south.
对自身看法的区别之处:
Lithuanian Jews never put sugar in their gefilte fish
波兰犹太人做gefilte鱼丸的时候会加糖
the way the Poles did.
而立陶宛犹太人则不加糖
[gefilte-源自东欧犹太人的一道常见开胃菜.
一般用鲤鱼或者狗鱼肉捣泥制成.类似鱼丸]
They only liked it...salt, tough,briny,kind of fish,
他们就喜欢咸兮兮还有点硬的重口味
and they were fierce in their religion too,
当然，他们在宗教上也很强势
but it wasn't,at least, however harsh,a solitary life.
不过栅栏区里的日子，虽然艰苦，却并非单打独斗，自家顾自家的...
Everything the villagers of the shtetls did,they did together.
shtetls里的犹太人总是抱团在一起的
They worked together,they sang together,they ate together,
大家一起干活，吃饭，唱歌♥跳舞
they lived together, they died together.
可以说是生同行，死同穴
The word "individualism",I think,
我觉得意第绪语的字典里
doesn't have a translation in Yiddish.
不会有"个人主义"这样的词汇
They were never individuals.
他们从来都不是独来独往的。
They were a cahal, they were a community.
这里的犹太人是一个团结的社区，意第绪语叫做cahal
'There's little left of the Jewish Lithuania the Steinbergs knew,
对(现在的)Steinberg家族来说， 立陶宛犹太区已是遥远的回忆
'but its ghosts have materialised in the most unlikely places.
不过其中的精神遗产，在多年后却重现于某一看似最不可能之地。
'In 2001,someone reached into a sofa
2001年， 在圣彼得堡的某处老旧公♥寓♥里
'of this gloomy St Petersburg apartment
有人从一张旧沙发里
'and pulled out a miraculous treasure trove
意外发现了一套珍贵的老相册---
'of over 350 hand-printed photographs of shtetl life
里面有超过350张关于shtetl犹太小镇生活的老照片，全部手工冲洗
'taken between 1912 and 1914 by a group of Jewish ethnographers,
时间跨度从1912年到1914年。 出自一群犹太民族志学者之手
'led by the writer and socialist revolutionary Shimon Ansky.
带头的是犹太作家/社♥会♥主♥义♥改革者--Simon Ansky
'They had set off on what they called an expedition
这群人志在向外界揭示栅栏隔都的真实面目。 将自己的记录称为
'into the dark continent of the Pale
"深入栅栏隔都---黑暗世界之我见"
[借意于Simon Ansky同时代的对黑非洲的探险]
'to document everything they could find -
他们的记录工作堪称巨细靡遗
'the streets,the schools,
栅栏隔都里的每一条街道，每一所学校
'the extraordinary wooden synagogues...
惊人的木制教堂
'..and the countless ways the Jews made their living.'
以及犹太人的各种谋生之道
So many of the cliches,you know,
许多我们耳熟能详的所谓关于犹太人的老套传闻
take a beating in these incredible pictures
在这些珍贵的老照片里都被一一击破
and there is nothing in these shtetls that Jews aren't doing.
犹太人可不是传说中的只能干裁缝和小贩
It's not true that they're just tailors and pedlars.
照片中你能看到，在这些犹太小村镇里，
人们为了生活几乎什么活都干
They're blacksmiths and they're bakers and they're weavers,
打铁的；做糕点的；织布的；
and this cobbler is quite fantastic.
还有你看这张照片里的修鞋匠
He's not going to pose for the camera.
抓拍得真好....
This is actually someone living,
这是个活生生的人
he's not a folk caricature in any way,
而不是什么夸张漫画里的人物
but there is,I don't know, Yunkel the local grocer,
你看鞋匠边上的人，看着像食杂店主(Yunkel)
who's sitting there patiently on the bench
耐心坐等着
waiting for his soles to be repaired.
鞋匠修补他的鞋底
And here's,er... SIMON LAUGHS