犹太人的故事（2013）

从该犹太教堂的储藏间'genizah'里寻得超过30万份文献资料
[希伯莱语genizah 专指犹太教堂或墓地的储物区域。]
or store room, which revealed in rich detail
从中获得的各种详细记录，全景展示出了
the story of everyday Jewish life at the heart of medieval Islam.
中世纪伊♥斯♥兰♥世界中心区犹太居民的日常生活图景。
This is the place more than any other I know
就我所知， 此地收藏资料之丰富可谓一绝。而且它再次证实了
that testifies to the Jewish compulsion to preserve the word.
犹太人那种难以控制的文书保存习惯
By Jewish law and tradition, any document bearing the name of God
因为根据犹太律法和传统，任何载有'上帝'字眼的文件
could not be shredded or burnt or destroyed in any way.
都不得以任何方式销毁，无论是粉碎或是焚烧。
It had to be allowed to decompose slowly,
这些文件只能任由其随时间慢慢腐坏分解...
so up there in the genizah it went.
因此...只能像这样...搁到那上面存起来
But the Jews of Cairo were even more compulsive than that,
只是开罗的犹太人的文字保存"强迫症"貌似更严重些
because they seemed to feel the need
因为看起来他们觉得任何用希伯莱字母写成的
to save anything that was written in Hebrew characters.
文件都必须存着
Up in the genizah are first drafts of philosophical essays,
你看那上面存有哲学文集的初稿 #
items of private correspondence, shopping lists,recipes -
有私人信件，有购物清单，还有菜谱...
anything that Jews did was set down, recorded and stored in the genizah.
只要是犹太人做过的事，全都登记造册存在genizah里
Which makes it the single most complete archive of a society
把这里打造成了中世纪时期全世界最丰富的社团档案馆
anywhere in the whole medieval world.
没有之一！
Whatever the official rules had to say about their inferior status,
无论官方条文里记载犹太人的社会地位有多低下
the genizah makes clear that the Jews of Cairo lived and worked
从这个储藏室里发现的文件都说明当时的开罗犹太人在此自♥由♥的工作与生活
and traded with Muslims,if not as equals then certainly as neighbours.
他们还与穆♥斯♥林♥有各种贸易往来，即便身份不对等，但肯定是比邻而居。
The documents reveal more than 450 different ways for Jews to make a living -
文件还显示当地犹太人的各种谋生之道，超过450多种：
from cheese-maker to carp-pickler, from policeman to spice merchant.

犹太人可以是奶酪师；渔夫（＃）；警♥察♥；或者香料贩子
And with cousins around the world,
而且由于亲戚遍天下
[亡♥国♥游民..各地寄居...]
the Jews turned their far-flung connections to commercial advantage,
犹太人将他们的"国际交际网"迅速转化成了己方在商业上的优势
becoming the shippers, importers and suppliers
他们进而从事航运，进口以及各种供应行业
to a world hungry for new things -
从北非，西西里，西班牙以及印度沿岸
from North Africa,from Sicily, Spain and the coast of India.
给世界各地带去各种新奇事物.满足人们对新产品的需求。
And they pioneered some of the financial instruments
他们还首创了一些金融工具与金融产品
we all still need for doing global business.
我们在全球贸易中沿用至今
As Ben Outhwaite of the Genizah Research Unit explained.
Genizah研究小组的Ben Outhwaite给我做了这方面的说明
This particular merchant, Abu Zichri Cohen,
Ben:"你看这个名叫Abu Zichri Cohen的商贩"
he trades with India. Right. So he might be in India
"他和印度有贸易往来"
"他有时在印度"
or he might be back in Egypt,
"有时又回到埃及"
and he will have to exchange goods for money. But he can't carry...
"那么他经常需要有货款交易.可是他又无法携带..."
All that cash. Well,he's not allowed
Simon:"大量硬通货对吧"
Ben:"哦...其实是不准-"
to carry gold across borders on pain of death.
"携带大量硬通货跨国，否则处死"
That's an Islamic restriction? Yes. Ah.
Simon:"哦，这是伊♥斯♥兰♥律规定的是吧"
Ben:"对啊"
Simon:"明白"
[不知道这种律法是只对犹太人，还是对全民]
So they have to use paper currency.
Ben:"因此他们只能使用纸币"
So it's a 12th-century cheque.
"所以你现在看到的是一份12世纪的支票。"
'Some of the most touching documents in the genizah
这里还有一些读起来令人极为感概的文件
'are also the most sweetly mundane,
虽然只是生活琐事，可是读起来依然令人倍感温馨甜蜜
'including exercise books of children learning the alphabet.'
包括那些儿童的识字练习本
I was doing a cheder,not as well, you know,at five and six,
Simon:"我五六岁的时候也上过宗教学校"
[cheder:犹太儿童宗教学校]
really practising my vav,and my he,and my heth.
"那时还在练习(希伯莱语的)各种字母和单词"
[希伯莱语只有22个辅音字母. vav， he， heth 都是其中之一]
And here,what I wasn't doing, because I was much too scared,
"就像这份文件显示的，书写人♥大♥概是与我年纪相仿的犹太儿童，才刚识字，只是他不像我当时那么紧张..."
are pictures,actually little animal doodles. How cute is that?
"你看他边识字，还一边在作业本上各种小涂鸦，
画小动物什么的...实在可爱"
And there's a little menorah there as well,
"还有这里，这孩子还画了个小烛台"
that's a candlestick. Yeah.
"也就是我们常说的menorah"
But interaction between Jews and Muslims wasn't confined
其实犹太人与穆♥斯♥林♥之间的交往与互动
to the business of daily life.
并非局限于日常生活上 #
In certain places,at certain times,
在某些特定历史时期和地点
the Judeo-Muslim rhythm broke into a kind of joyous cultural music.
犹-穆之间也曾谱出和谐动人的民族合唱
[Judeo一词的用法.比如Judeo-Arabic (定居在阿♥拉♥伯世界的犹太人所发展出来的一系列阿♥拉♥伯语方言和文化习俗). 还有比较著名的Judeo-German 定居在德国的犹太人所发展出来的一系列犹太化德语方言 即Yiddish语]
This is the place the Arabs called El Andalus,
比如这里，阿♥拉♥伯人统治时称之为 El Andalus
and we now know as Andalucia.
如今我们熟知的名字则是 安达卢西亚
The deep south of Spain,
位于西班牙南部腹地
the country the Jews called Sepharad.
当时此地的犹太人称之为 Sepharad
[西班牙犹太人也用Sepharad称呼整个伊比利亚半岛]
At its heart is the city of Cordoba.
这一地区的中心，是Cordoba市 (科尔多瓦)
From the eighth century,
自公元8世纪起
this was the capital of the Islamic Umayyad dynasty.
此地即为伊♥斯♥兰♥教Umayyad王朝的首都 (倭马亚王朝)
But also under their protection, one of the great centres
由于倭马亚王朝的保护，这里是穆♥斯♥林♥治下
of Sephardic Jewish life in Muslim Spain.
西班牙犹太人生活中的一个重要中心
Cordoba was a city of gardens, fountains,canals
Cordoba市到处都是花♥园♥，喷泉和运河
and post delivered by carrier pigeon.
还有信鸽飞来飞去的寄送邮件
The Mezquita,the great mosque, built by the Umayyad,
城中有倭马亚王朝时代建起的大清♥真♥寺--Mezquita
stands as the architectural consummation of their ambition.
该寺华美壮观不能直视，王朝雄心和实力在这样大手笔的建筑里表露无遗。
But in the shadow of the mosques were the synagogues,
不过，在大清♥真♥寺的阴影之下，还有许多犹太教堂也存在于这座城市里。
and they too wove worldliness with holiness
它们也一样做到世俗华美与圣洁庄严并存
to create patterns of intoxicating beauty.
共同编织出令人心醉神谜的各种美妙建筑图案
An impulse that endured for centuries.
其强烈的视觉冲击力几经风雨依然历久弥新
And inspired by Arabic models,
从阿♥拉♥伯文化中汲取灵感之后
that same note was sounded in the poetry of the Sephardim.
连当地犹太人所创作的诗歌♥也充满了阿♥拉♥伯系的奔放色彩
[西班牙系犹太人被称作Sephardim]
A literature which gave the Hebrew language a startling new life.
这些诗歌♥也为希伯莱语注入了新的生机
Just listen to this.
你听听这些诗歌♥吧：
"Last night,a gazelle of a girl showed me the sun of her cheek,
"昨夜，身旁的她欢快灵动，似火双颊阳光灿烂" #
"and the veil of her auburn hair
"面纱一样的栗色秀发" #
"was like a ruby falling over a dampened crystal brow.
"如红宝石般散落在温润晶莹的眉梢" #
"She was like the fires of dawns rising,
"她就像破晓的红日喷薄" #
"reddening the clouds with its flames."
"将朝霞映得绯红" #
You don't find words like that
这样的词句
coming out of the ultra orthodox of either Judaism or Islam today,
今天的极端正统犹太教♥徒♥或者伊♥斯♥兰♥教♥徒♥都不可能作得出来。
but they were the words of Yehuda Halevi,
这些诗词出自Yehuda Halevi
a poet of sensual love, but also a deeply devout Jew,
他敏感多情，却也是极为虔诚的西班牙犹太人
for whom there was no distinction at all between the physical
对他来说，灵与肉之间
and the spiritual.
本无差别
[这句也许是指Yehuda Halevi本人即是医生又是诗人]
His notion of the nefesh, the traditional Jewish idea of soul,
他对于"nefesh"--即犹太人传统观念上的灵魂概念--的看法是：
was indivisibly part of the physical as well as the spiritual world,
犹太人所说的魂魄，是物质与精神世界密不可分的一部分。 #
so that when he came to write poems addressed to God,
所以， 在他写给上帝的诗歌♥里
they sound startlingly as though he was talking to a lover.
通篇的语调听起来令人震惊，仿佛他正在对着爱人倾诉似的...
This one is called Lord Adonai.
下面这首是《上帝，我的主》
"All my desire is here before you,
"此生只求长伏于袮脚下" #
"whether I speak it or not.
"无论我说出来与否" #
"I'd seek your favour for an instant and then die.
"我所寻觅的是袮指引方向，若真如此，夕死可矣" #
"If only you would grant my wish, I would place my soul in your hands
"只要袮答允我的请求，我愿将全身心都交予袮手" #
"and then sleep,and in that sleep find such sweetness."
"而后欣然长眠于甜美梦乡" #
Halevi's poetry lives and breathes
Halevi的诗歌♥，得益于宽松的
the atmosphere of Judeo-Islamic culture.
犹太-伊♥斯♥兰♥系的文化氛围。使其诗歌♥能自♥由♥发展，无拘无束。
But at its heart is the aching void of exile,
然而在当地犹太人心里，流亡异邦带来的痛苦心里落差依旧无法填补。
and a yearning for a return to Zion.
而渴望重返故国的心火也从未泯灭
He'd once written that the peculiar glory of Judaism
诗人还曾经写道，犹太教的独到光芒
was that it was a religion of deeds,of action,
在于它是一种言出必行的宗教 #
not faith,like Christianity, or obedience,like Islam.
与靠信仰起家的基♥督♥教或者靠绝对服从为主旨的伊♥斯♥兰♥教都大不相同。
You thought about it every day
它是一种宗教，也是一种生活方式
because you had to live it every day.
你每天都想着它，因为你每天都置身其中。 #
So at some point,Zion stopped being simply a poetic metaphor
由是，在某个时间节点之后， 锡安已不再是个简单的诗词比喻
and became an obligation, a destination.
它已经变成了一种职责所在，一个必须达到的彼岸。
"My heart is in the East but I am on the edge of the West.
Halevi:"心向东方，身困西陲.故国千里.异乡多年"
[耶路撒冷在西班牙 东面]
"How can I taste my food?
"纵然馔玉珍馐.亦食之无味"
"How can it please me?
"又怎得欢颜？"
"How can I keep my promise? How can I fulfil my vow?
"允诺千行，怎堪面对. 誓言无声，老泪满襟."
"I will gladly leave behind me all the treasures of Spain
"我愿无悔散尽千金，欣然别离异乡，"
"to see the dust and ruin of your shrine."
"只求归来见那圣殿的残垣断壁"
[后面不会再有诗词了吧.....]
Halevi was as good as his word.
诗人Halevi的确践行了诺言
At the age of 65,he turned his back on all of Spain's treasures
于65岁花甲之年，抛下自己在西班牙的一生家业，
and embarked on a perilous journey to Jerusalem.
毅然踏上回归圣城的艰险旅途
We'll never know whether this passionate pilgrim made it.
关于Halevi满腔热血的朝圣之旅，我们无从得知其结局。
The last we hear of him is riding the storm-wracked Mediterranean.
关于其旅途的最后记载，显示他正在穿越风暴肆虐的地中海
"As the sea rages," he writes, "my soul is jubilant,
他写道："随着大海的怒吼, 我的心神也汹涌澎湃"
"for my ship draws near to the sanctuary of her God."
"因为脚下的航船正在向我主的庇护所靠近" #
But man-made storms were about to sweep away the world
可是，Halevi身后，一场人为的风暴
Halevi had left behind.
即将横扫西班牙-那片他刚离开的土地
00:33:28,000 --00:33:32,999
The reconquest of Spain by Christian kings
北方的基♥督♥教诸侯重夺西班牙的步伐
gathered pace from the north.