犹太人的故事（2013）

This is the story of an immense leap
of faith,
本集我们将看到，在许诺得到平等与宽容的前提之下
made on a promise of equality
and toleration.
犹太人信仰上的巨变
It would carry the Jews of Europe
from the certainties of tradition...
欧洲犹太人开始走出自己坚守的传统，
..and from the ghettos
enforced by ancient prejudice,
走出由于古老的偏见与歧视而强加于他们周遭的隔都围墙
and expose them
to the opportunities
面对犹太人的，有大把的机遇
and to the threats of freedom
in a world transformed
但是，与自♥由♥一同到来的，还有威胁
by revolution, technology,
mass culture and nationalism.
因为他们所面对的外部世界，也在变化，
到处是革命，技术革新，还有大众文化与民族主义的兴起.
It would begin in a world
of aristocratic libraries,
对欧洲犹太人来说，变化始于这样的地方：
temples of learning.
高高在上的各种图书馆---知识的圣殿
It would culminate in a world
of metropolitan magnificence,
却随着时代变迁，在日渐宏伟的现代都会里节节败退
department stores,
palaces of plenty,
最终不是沦为百货公♥司♥，就是被改建为音乐厅
concert halls, capitals of culture.
琳琅满目的商品取代了林林总总的书籍；
知识的殿堂纷纷降级成为普罗大众的文化之都。 #
From the ghetto to the salon,
从隔都到沙龙
from the hallowed past
to the promised future,
从神圣的历史 到应许之前景
this was one of the greatest
human journeys
在最短的时间跨度之内，
in the shortest space of
time ever made.
造就了迄今最引人注目的人类进步之一. #
And the consequences
would be world-changing
其结果将令世界都为之一变
as hopes,
born on the pages of books,
(在此巨变的过程中)
我们将目睹新知识带来的新希望
died in the flames of
hatred and destruction.
在怨毒与破坏中付之一炬
It was in the 18th century
that the world of Gentile learning,
到了18世纪， 犹太人与外部世界
[Gentile 专指 非犹太人的， 非犹太教的 ]
and the world of the Jews
finally came face to face,
终于在知识的世界里迎面碰撞
finally came to engage
with each other.
并搅在一起
The philosophers of the
Enlightenment held that everyone,
启蒙学派的哲学家们认为
Jews included,
guided by the light of reason,
包括犹太人在内的所有世人，都能在理性之光的引导下
could sweep away the inherited
prejudices of centuries.
横扫一切旧时代遗留的歧视与偏见。
So they made the Jews
a special bargain -
所以他们给犹太人出了个"特♥价♥" :
come out of your mental ghetto,
"来吧，走出尔等的精神隔都"
expose yourself to modern languages,
to learning, to science,
"让自己'沐浴'在现代化里，接受新语言，新知识和新科学"
and then you will become
useful members of society.
"这样你们才能成为这个社会的'有用'之材"
And when that happens,
we will embrace you
"届时，我们将开怀拥抱你"
fully and legally in civil rights,
and you will become something new.
"你们将拥有一切合法民权"
"重获'新'生"
You'll become a citizen who happens
to practise the Jewish faith.
"成为公民，有犹太信仰的公民！"
Well, it was a noble idea.
好吧，很高端的想法...
For that matter, it still is.
就其含义来说，即使今天看起来依旧不堕俗套
The question is, would it work?
问题是...可行吗？
犹太人的故事 第三集
Embracing the new was never
going to be easy for the Jews.
对犹太人来说，接纳新知绝非易事
They had survived long centuries
of exile and persecution
多少个世纪以来，他们凭着坚守传统与信仰
by cleaving to their traditions.
挺过了各种迫♥害♥，驱逐与流离失所。
Any challenge to those traditions
seemed to threaten survival itself.
对这古老传统的任何挑战，都将直接威胁本就一息尚存的犹太文明
Baruch Spinoza, a 23-year-old
merchant and precocious thinker
比如23岁的Baruch Spinoza,
此人出身于信仰虔诚的犹太家庭,
[巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 1632.11.24—1677.2.21
西方近代哲学史重要的理性主义者.泛神论者. 请见《哲学12钗》]
from a religious family,
posed just such a challenge,
是个商人兼早熟的思想家,
他就(对犹太教义和圣经)提出了这种挑战
which is why, in 1656, in the
synagogue on the Houtgracht Canal,
结果，1656年，在Houtgracht运河区的犹太教堂里
he was cast out of Amsterdam's
community of Jews.
他被阿姆斯特丹犹太社区宣布驱逐出教.
"We ban, expel, curse
and damn Baruch de Espinoza
"现遵上帝准许.兹令驱逐Baruch de Espinoza出教。"
"with the consent of God,
"我辈人人得而咒之，唾之，逐之"
"cursed be he by day,
and cursed be he by night.
"咒他日夜不安"
[白天他被诅咒、夜里他被诅咒]
"Cursed be he when he lies down,
and cursed be he when he rises up.
"咒他坐卧两难"
[躺下他被诅咒、起身他也被诅咒]
"The Lord shall blot out his name
from under heaven,
"我主治下他将名份无存"
"and the Lord shall separate him
unto evil.
"我主治下判他与魔同流"
"None shall contact him by mouth,
or by writing,
"任何人不准与他交谈或书信来往"
"nor stay under the same roof as him,
"不准与他同处一室"
"nor read anything he wrote."
"此人的一切文笔均为妖魔邪说"
In the eyes of the Amsterdam
community, Spinoza was a heretic,
阿姆斯特丹犹太社区眼中， Spinoza这样的离经叛道者
undermining through soulless logic
and wild speculation
通过离魂的'逻辑' 和无端的猜测
Jewish faith and Jewish identity.
对犹太身份认同与犹太信仰 大挖墙角
Miracles were myths,
the soul was not immortal,
(在他嘴里)圣经记载的奇迹被污为神话
(在他嘴里)灵魂也非不朽
the Bible was the work of men,
not God.
(在他嘴里)圣经沦为凡人手笔而非神谕.
"The revelation of God
can only be established
Spinoza说:"要(在大众心中)确立上帝的启示,-"
"by the wisdom of the doctrine,
not by miracles,
"靠的是充满智慧的学说与信条 "
"or, in other words, ignorance."
"而不是靠神迹...或者换句话说-无知"
It wasn't just the Jews
whom Spinoza risked outraging.
而且Spinoza激怒的不只是同胞
The Protestant Dutch,
who had given the Jews a refuge
还有信奉新教的荷兰人。
被赶出西班牙和葡萄牙之后，
following their expulsion
from Spain and Portugal,
是荷兰人接纳了犹太人。为他们提供庇护。
identified with
the biblical children of Israel,
(而且)荷兰人立足于《旧约》与《新约》的新教信仰 #
founded their faith on the Old
as well as the New Testament.
也得到犹太人的认同 #
Spinoza's attack on Jewish tradition
was an attack on Christianity, too.
所以， Spinoza对于犹太教的"攻击"也伤及基♥督♥教义
And a threat to the new Jerusalem
同时还威胁到了犹太人获准在阿姆斯特丹
the Jews had been allowed to build
in Amsterdam.
建立的“新耶路撒冷”。
(我觉得这句话意即 "威胁到了犹太人在阿姆斯特丹的存在"。
并不是说犹太人真要在阿姆斯特丹建个城中城)
[二战前阿姆斯特丹的犹太人口近9万，被称为新耶路撒冷]
Was what Spinoza said so shocking?
那么，Spinoza到底说了啥以至于如此惊世骇俗 ？
Well, it was shocking enough
for him to be accused of atheism
好吧，反正足够让犹太人和基♥督♥徒
by both Jews and Christians,
共同指控他是无神论者
[那个年代的无神论者.其罪堪比张姑父...
算下来烧死布鲁诺不过才半个世纪而已...]
but Spinoza was no atheist.
可是， Spinoza可不是无神论者
He believed in God, all right,
他当然信上帝
but it wasn't the God
of the Hebrew Bible.
只是他的上帝与希伯莱圣经里的那位有别
No, Spinoza's God was nothing less,
他的上帝，从头到尾的-
but nothing more, than the whole
of created nature itself.
其实就是整个自然界本身
The logical end of Spinoza's
reasoning was toleration.
Spinoza的理智分♥析♥与逻辑思考，结语在“宽容”二字
(我觉得这里指的是 宗教宽容 )
Still a challenge in some parts
of the world now, explosive then,
这种态度与想法至今在世上某些地方仍被视为"刺头"，
在当年，那简直就是爆♥炸♥性的
because under a God
identical with all of nature,
因为，如果大家口中的上帝， 其实就是自然界本身的话
no one religion could claim
a monopoly of wisdom.
那么，世上所有宗教将都是平等的， 没有谁能把着宇宙唯一真理
(因为自然界天地万物即为真知，)
All very well,
but it robbed the Jews,
好吧，如果这样的话
那么，不管是阿姆斯特丹的犹太人
not just here in Amsterdam
of course,
或者其他地方的犹太人的特殊身份-
but everywhere,
of their own special identity,
都将被夺走
their sense of divine election,
一同失去的， 还有他们的神选论；
their sense of being
the chosen people.
以及他们是神选之民的说法
It was that character
that had sustained the Jews