犹太人的故事（2013）

为大批的后继信徒们开创祈祷和聚会的场所--"宫廷"
'founding dynasties,some of which survive in Hasidism even today.'
其中还产生了许多世袭"柴迪克"望族，有些甚至绵延至今。
Hasidism was so popular and so successful,I think,
哈西德主义之所以如此成功而且被广为接纳
because,essentially,it was a response against helplessness,
核心原因在于，它为各种苦难无助的犹太人点燃了希望
against the autocratic states that took Jews for cannon fodder
那些在专♥制♥国家里，被强行充作炮灰的犹太青年，看到了希望
and every other kind of fodder,for that matter.
那些千千万万陷于民族迫♥害♥的苦海之中，
天天给人家做出气筒的犹太人，也看到了希望
Against those states,Hasidism created states of faith,
面对充满敌意的专♥制♥国家，哈西德派创造出了属于犹太人自己的信仰之国
complete with a righteous man - a prince,Messiah,scholar -
领导这些"信仰国度"的,是"正义者"--
他既是世袭柴迪克和救世主，还是位渊博的学者
at its centre,the Tzaddik,and around him an entire spiritual army
紧紧团结在"正义者"身边的，是一整支宗教大军，正义之师
and with him a great body of fabulous lore,
笼罩在"正义者"身上的，还有海量的神奇故事与口头传说:
tales of wonder and healing and resurrection.
"正义者"行神迹，治绝症，起死回生
The Tzaddik prince could make barren fields fertile.
他们或能使枯木逢春，
[还能隐形?!....]
He could make the impotent virile.
他们还能带来 性 福
He could communicate with the stars.
他们能与星辰交流
He was the possessor of secret mysteries
他们也能通灵上身
which would keep away demons.
助百姓远离恶灵
Now,how could enlightened despots
在哈西德教派盛行的现状下，什么启蒙运动什么科学之光又怎能专美？
and,for that matter,enlightened Jews in their city suits
流连于高档小区的那些犹太人和他们的上流正统犹太教，
在这种人山人海的平民教派面前
compete with that?
也就显得不接地气 ，难以掠其锋芒了
ALL PRAY TOGETHER
'Since the collapse of the Soviet Union,
苏联解体之后
'Hasidism has returned to the land of its birth.
哈西德教派开始大量回归其发源地
'In the Ukrainian town of Uman, 30,000 pilgrims visit the grave
每逢犹太新年 都有约3万名哈西德教♥徒♥前往
'of one of the most charismatic tzaddiks,Rebbe Nachman of Breslev,
乌克兰的Uman镇朝圣，因为200年前辞世的著名哈西德"正义者"
'on Rosh Hashanah every year, two centuries after his death.
---"Rebbe Nachman of Breslev" 正是葬在此地。
[即哈西德创始人之玄外孙.“Breslev的拉比 Nachman”]
'They come to ensure the Tzaddik's protection for the year ahead.
众多的朝圣者们前来祈福，愿柴迪克圣人保佑来年风调雨顺
[烧头注香的道理四海一家啊 ^-^]
'Hasidism is still a cult of ecstatic communion,
哈西德派和哈西德主义至今依然被目为野狐禅
'and it holds true to the principles of its birth.'
该教派也一直坚守其创始精神与原则不离不弃
I think today it's very difficult to live as a religious Jew
哈西德派拉比: Akiva Nimoi
"在我看来，今时今日，如果缺少哈西德派的这种执着与热忱"
without Hasidic way
"要做个信仰虔诚的犹太人就绝非易事"
because Hasidism teaches that you can find God
"因为哈西德主义的教诲是: 上帝无所不在"
[一树一菩提，一叶一如来]
in anything. Even very bad things?
"世间万物之中皆有我主"
Simon: "即便是‘恶’物 ？"
This is our purpose,
"这是我们的目标..."
to reveal holiness in anything that we deal with -
"目标在于揭示我们生活中一切事物中的圣性"
money,business,food,intimacy.
"无论是财产，商业，饮食，亲情"
'This is his mission in this world,
"这是世上每一个哈西德信徒的使命"
'and joy is that you know that you do the right thing'
"并从你所行的义事中感知喜悦"
so that you live the meaningful life.
"从而过着有意义的一生"
'But not every Jew fell into the redemptive raptures
不过并非每个犹太人都能像哈西德教♥徒♥那样
'of Hasidic prayer.
寓"教"于"乐"
'If you craved more than ecstatic visions,
如果你是个对于宗教迷醉和幻觉还不满足的犹太人
'if you had a restless Jewish mind and even more restless feet,
如果你是个心神躁动且无法安分的犹太人
'then the world of the shtetl could bring on attacks of claustrophobia
那么栅栏内的犹太市镇就只会显得无比压抑而幽闭
'and there at the very bottom of the Pale
在栅栏区的南端
'facing the Black Sea was one place,
有个直面黑海的
'a port city with eyes open to the world,
眼界相对开放的港口城市
'that drew those Jews like moths to a flame.
吸引着那些心驰四海的犹太人如飞蛾扑火一样涌入
'Its name was Odessa...
那就是 Odessa 奥德萨(乌克兰)
'..a city of grand boulevards and brothels,of theatres
活力四射的奥德萨是个繁华都市，有宽阔的马路，到处都是剧院和娼寮
'and progressive schools that taught Jewish boys Russian,
犹太人可以进入开明的学校里学习俄语，
'politics and mathematics.
政♥治♥，还有数学
'"The flames of hell burn seven miles around Odessa,"
这一切引得保守的拉比们大呼：
'the rabbis warned.
"罪恶的奥德萨呀，地狱之火围城万丈"
'And it was soon full of modern Jews who loved that hellish heat -
拉比们的警告无济于事，
奥德萨很快就挤满了那些无惧"烈焰"的现代犹太人
'grain merchants and gangsters, tarts and klezmer fiddlers,
谷物买♥♥卖♥♥，黑帮，甚至皮肉行业里都有犹太人的身影，
当然还有大量的犹太乐人和小提琴手
'poets and Jewish thinkers who hung out at cafes
此外， 还有大批的犹太文艺青年，
思想家，诗人神马的整日流连于咖啡馆
'where they smoked and sang and read radical Russian literature.
在烟雾缭绕中哼着小调，读着激进的俄语文学
'Here they'd ask themselves the big question -
闲暇之余，他们也满脑子的大议题:
'how to be Jewish in the modern world
如果抛开神神叨叨的哈西德教义和那些奇迹神马的
'without resorting to Hasidic miracles in the sky.
犹太人在现代世界中要靠什么立足？
'Two of them would make a profound impact on the world of the Jews.
其中有两位的研究和思考成果，还真的在犹太世界里激起千层浪
'Moshe Leib Lilienblum was a religious runaway from Lithuania
其一是Moshe Leib Lilienblum，是个立陶宛来的宗教逃兵
'who'd turned his back on what he regarded
在他眼里，正统犹太教♥徒♥的生活
'as the stifling relic of Jewish Orthodoxy.
窒息呆板，犹如活在故纸堆里一般
'His friend,Dr Leo Pinsker,
另一个是他的朋友， 医生Leo Pinsker
'was the son of an enlightened Hebrew teacher
他父亲是个启♥蒙♥派♥的希伯莱语教师
'who'd been taught that Jews must live in the real world,
自小受的教育告诉他犹太人要面对现实世界
'not in their mystical version of it.
而不是终日沉迷于自己的神秘世界中
'And like a lot of their fast-talking crowd,
他们这一大群快言快语的犹太人
'they believed that if only Jews embraced revolutionary politics
相信只要自己的民族能接受政♥治♥改革理念
'and joined forces with a downtrodden people,
携手广大劳苦人♥民♥
'their Russian comrades, they could change the motherland
携手俄♥国♥同志们，那他们就能改天换地
'and that surely would be enough to make a better life for the Jews.
就能创造出一片犹太人的新天地
'But the bitter truth was that even here,in Odessa,
不过呢...残酷的现实中， 犹太人即使
'the Jews couldn't escape the shadow of violence.
在所谓海纳百川的奥德萨也难逃暴♥力♥与厄运
'On the 13th of March,1881,
1881年3月13日
'Tsar Alexander II was assassinated in St Petersburg
沙皇亚历山大二世在圣彼得堡遇刺身亡
'by the Russian left-wing terrorist organisation
主谋是俄♥国♥左翼恐怖组织---
'Narodnaya Volya - The People's Will.
"Narodnaya Volya" 即 "民♥意♥党"
'One Jewish girl was amongst the plotters and,within the month,
参与其中的，有一名犹太姑娘
'a tidal wave of pogroms,from the Russian word "to destroy",
结果，事发还未满月，爆发了一场俄♥国♥大屠♥杀♥
(pogroms 源自俄语‘摧毁’)
'was unleashed across the Pale.
降临在栅栏区。
'They hit Odessa,
暴潮席卷奥德萨
'Kirovograd,Kiev,
基辅和基洛夫格勒
'then Yekaterinoslav and Kishinev,
继而蔓延至 乌克兰中部的 叶卡特林诺斯拉夫(Yekaterinoslav )
和 Kishinev(现摩尔多瓦共和国境内)
[Yekaterinoslav后称"第聂伯罗彼得罗夫斯克"Dnepropetrovsk]
'followed by attacks on hundreds
栅栏区内上百个犹太市镇
'of shtetls across the Pale.
都惨遭袭击
'And in 1903, the most violent wave yet,
到了1903年，暴♥力♥风潮达到顶点
'Minsk,Simferopol and Odessa once again,for the sixth time.'
明斯克，辛菲罗波尔(俄♥罗♥斯♥西南部，现克里米亚自治共和国首府)
和奥德萨的犹太人遭到第6波暴♥力♥袭击
In the morning of November the 6th,1905,
1905年11月6日的清晨
people all over Britain were reading this in their Guardian newspaper
全英国都在早餐时间
as they ate their bacon and eggs.
从卫报上读到这样的消息
"The events in the suburbs
"昨夜发生于"
"of Moldavanka,Slobodka and Bugaieoka last night
"Moldavanka,Slobodka and Bugaieoka各地市郊的恐怖事件"
[Moldavanka-摩尔德万卡
Slobodka-罗波德卡]
"were of a most terrible nature.
"堪称暴♥力♥之最"
"Immense bands of ruffians accompanied by policemen
"众多暴徒在警♥察♥陪同下"
"invaded all the Jewish houses
"闯入当地的犹太人住所"
"and mercilessly slaughtered the occupants.
"肆意屠♥杀♥屋内的犹太人"
"Men and women were barbarously felled and decapitated with axes.
"暴徒们手舞斧头，无论男女统统砍杀并至斩首"
"Children were torn limb from limb.
"并对儿童残忍♥分尸"
"The streets were littered with corpses hurled out of windows.
"从窗户中抛出的尸体布满街道"
"The houses of murdered Jews were then systematically destroyed.
"暴徒们残杀犹太人之后，还系统的将其住所付之一炬"
"In this way,the Jewish population of the district was wiped out."
"当地的犹太人口一夜间灰飞烟灭"
The morning that the reporter visited the hospitals of Odessa,
翌晨，有记者走访奥德萨当地各医院
there were at least 3,000 people in the emergency wards.
在急诊区至少见到3000名伤者
It was,by any standards of outrage,the most appalling atrocity
如此令人骇人的凶行，即便在血迹斑斑的俄♥国♥屠犹史上
in the entire blood-stained history of the Russian pogroms.
也堪称血腥之最
'For many Jewish intellectuals,
对于众多犹太有识之士来说
'this was the moment that shocked them out of the complacency
这样的血雨腥风不啻当头棒喝。
原先包括"平等地生活在沙俄♥国♥度"在内的设想全是意淫
'that they might ever attain equal rights in tsarist Russia.
血淋淋的现实再次震惊了犹太人。
'One of the illusions was that non-Jewish leftists
破灭的众多幻觉之中，还有非犹的左翼
'would come to their defence,
在危难之时袖手旁观
'but they hadn't and this bitter lesson
这残酷的教训令犹太人
'threw them in different directions.
只能重起炉灶
'Some would rush even further into the arms of socialist revolution.
其中的一些犹太人转投社♥会♥主♥义♥革命
'Others,like Lilienblum and Pinsker,
其他人，比如上文提到的Lilienblum 和 Pinsker
'would acknowledge the death of those dreams.
在多年"两颗红心献俄♥国♥"之后
'Having devoted their futures to Russia,
都不得不坦承梦碎
'they now founded the first Jewish nationalist organisation.
两人共同组建了东欧首个犹太民族主义者的组织
'They called it The Lovers Of Zion.'
名为 "锡安爱人" The Lovers of Zion
After the terrifying pogrom here in Odessa,
奥德萨屠犹惨祸之后
Pinsker published a small booklet which I read as a child,