与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E10

Part 1 April 19, 2021, 2:55 p.m.

我们的存在是有意为之的吗？
Were we put here on purpose by someone or something?
还是一些随机事件创造了
Or did some random event create
我们今日看到的复杂生命？
all of the incredible complexity we see today?
科学家一直在努力理解
Scientists have been trying to understand
生命的起源
how life was created...
但我们的理解仍有许多空白
...But there are still gaps in our understanding.
我们是更高级力量的作品
Could our existence be the work of a higher power
还是自然法则造就的？
or was it the laws of nature?
神创造了进化吗？
Did God create evolution?
空间，时间，生命本身
Space, time, life itself.
宇宙之谜，尽在穿越虫洞
The secrets of the cosmos lie through the wormhole.
与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（S04E10）
Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman (S04E10)
神创造了进化吗？
Did God Create Evolution?
科学家估计
Scientists estimate
地球上大约生活过数十亿个物种
that billions of species have lived on earth
从最小的微生物，到50吨♥重的恐龙
from the tiniest microbes to a 50-ton dinosaur.
圣经说上帝在六天内做出了它们
The Bible says God made them all in six days.
但还有另一个理论
But there's another theory --
生命在大约四十亿年前自发产生
life created itself about four billion years ago,
而已知地球上繁多的物种
and the myriad species earth has known
全部是由进化产生的
have all been the product of evolution.
神学和科学
Theology and the science
都希望能够找到它们的共同之处
struggle to find a common ground.
当查尔斯·达尔文提出进化论时
Did Charles Darwin get it right
算是正确解释了生命起源吗？
when he proposed that evolution created all life?
还是生命是由上帝赋予的？
Was it the guiding hand of some supreme being?
亦或二者都是可能的？
Or could it have been both?
我以前经常在家附近的
I used to find caterpillars
树丛中寻找毛虫
in the bushes near my house growing up --
又肥又粗短的虫子
fat, stubby worms.
不久之后，它们就会把自己包在茧中
Before long, each one hid away inside a silky cocoon.
我对这小小的虫茧中正发生着的很好奇
I wondered what was going on inside that tiny shelter.
如此丑陋的毛虫是如何
How did something so ugly
变成美丽的蝴蝶的？
transform into a beautiful butterfly?
迈克尔·贝希是宾夕法尼亚州理海大学的
Michael Behe is a biochemist from lehigh university
生物化学家
in Pennsylvania.
他是“智慧设计论”的支持者
He's an advocate for an idea called intelligent design --
这种理论是指有什么人或什么东西
that someone or something
在地球上埋下生命的种子
planted the seeds of life on earth
然后指导其进化
and has had a guiding hand in its evolution ever since.
智慧设计论表明随机进程
Intelligent design argues that random processes
是不能产生今日所见到的生命的
can't produce what we see in life today,
但它并不与古代生命
but it has no quarrel with the idea of descent
发展到现代生命的观点相矛盾
from ancient organisms to modern organisms.
迈克尔与达尔文进化论的矛盾在于
Michael's problem with Darwin's theory
达尔文坚持随机突变造就了进化
is that Darwin insists evolution stems from random mutations.
但当他观察大自然时
When he looks around in nature,
迈克尔发现很多东西看起来
he sees plenty of things that look like
像是随机放在一起的
they were randomly thrown together,
像这些木头碎片
like the debris in these woods.
最近这里发生了一场风暴
We had a storm pass through here recently.
没人会认为这种场面
Nobody would think that any of this
是有人故意摆放成这样的
was particularly arranged on purpose.
你也能看到这是一团乱麻
You know, it's just a jumble.
这有根树枝
Here's a stick here.
那里也有个树枝，还有块石头
There's a stick there, a stone there.
但迈克尔认为自然界中有些东西
But Michael believes other things in nature
是不可能随机出现的
could not have arranged themselves randomly.
它们像是经过刻意设计的
They appear to be the work of a designer.
就像这些树枝不可能随机排列成
Just as these sticks didn't randomly arrange themselves
“生命”这个单词，迈克尔不认为
into the word "Life," Michael doesn't believe
生命也不会随机出现
biological life came together randomly, either.
我是一名生物化学家，所以我看到了自然界中
I'm a biochemist, and so I see evidence in nature
大多数人不会考虑的证据
and places where most people don't think about,
因为它就在细胞中
but it's in the cell.
细胞是一个奇妙的纳米尺度的工厂
The cell is a fantastic nano-scale factory
其中有机器——由分子组成的机器
with machinery -- literally machines made out of molecules.
迈克尔研究了细菌的结构
Michael studies the structure of bacteria.
一些细菌具有叫做鞭毛的尾
Some bacteria have tails called flagella
这样它就可以游动
that allow them to swim.
这非常类似于舷外发动机
It is quite literally an outboard motor
细菌靠它就可以游动
that bacteria use to swim,
就像我们每天看到的舷外发动机
and just like an outboard motor in our everyday life,
鞭毛具有夹子可以固定到细菌的细胞膜上
it's got clamps to hold it on to the bacterial membrane,
还有螺旋桨叶可以旋转
it's got a propeller that spins 'round and around.
如果你把其中的一部分或几部分拿走
Turns out if you remove one of more of these pieces,
鞭毛就无法工作了
the flagellum doesn't work at all.
细菌尾巴的复杂结构
The complicated structure of bacterial tails
使迈克尔发展出了他称之为“不可简约的复杂性”的理论
led Michael to develop a theory he calls irreducible complexity.
这个理论认为生命系统需要其所有的部分
It claims that living systems need all of their parts
才能工作
in order to work.
它们不可能某一部分单独进化
They can't evolve piece by piece.
而达尔文的进化论则要求这种部件的渐进进化
So, Darwin's theory requires this gradualism,
这种模式中生物的特征是随时间缓慢演化的
wherein some feature of biology is built up slowly over time.
但在不可简约的复杂性系统中
But with an irreducibly complex system --
一个系统拥有数个组成部件
that means a system that has a number of components --
你不能随时间逐渐构建出系统来让其工作
you can't build it up gradually over time and have it work.
如果细菌的鞭毛只丢失了一个组件
If the tail of the bacterium was missing just one part,
那么整个鞭毛都无法工作
the whole thing wouldn't function.
迈克尔不认为
Michael doesn't think
有机体可以单纯的通过进化
organisms could have made such leaps of complexity
来完成这种向复杂性的剧变
through evolution alone.
他认为生命接受了造物主的帮助
He thinks they must have had help from a creator.
我是一名基♥督♥教♥徒♥
I'm a Christian,
我当然认为神创造了宇宙
and so I certainly think God created the universe,
但我认为智慧设计论
but the nice thing about intelligent design
可以让你意识到有些东西是被设计好的
is that you can realize something was designed
而你不需要知道设计者是谁
without knowing who the designer was.
但你可以对他设计的东西充满信心
But you can be confident of the design.
细菌尾巴的复杂设计
The complex design of bacteria tails
还不是最神秘的生物学空白
isn't the most mysterious leap in biology.
还有更为复杂的结构
There are even more complex structures
更难以解释
that are harder to explain,
比如脊椎动物的椎骨棘突
like the bony spines of vertebrates.
脊椎动物最早的祖先
Our earliest vertebrate ancestors
有着叫做“脊索”的原始脊柱
had backbones call notochords --
但却不是骨头，而是由胶原构成的柔韧的棒状物
boneless, flexible rods made of collagen.
脊索至今仍存在于一些大型的淡水鱼类中
Some big, freshwater fish that are alive today still have them.
像我们这样的物种，在背部进化出了骨骼
Other species, like us, have evolved bones in the back --
形成了脊柱
vertebral columns.
但条状脊索是如何
But how did long strips of collagen make the leap
成为脊柱的呢？
and become bony spines?
瓦萨学院的生物机器人学家约翰·朗
Bioroboticist John long at vassar college
正在寻找这些消失的联♥系♥
is searching for these missing links.
我们感兴趣的问题之一
One of the great questions we're interested in
就是我们所属的称为脊椎动物的群体
is how did this group of animals that we belong to
是如何先进化的？
called vertebrates first evolve?
这都是五亿年前的事情了
Now, this happened 500 million years ago,
我们没有时间机器来回到过去
so we don't have a time machine we can jump in, unfortunately,
看都发生了什么
and go back and see what happened.
约翰认为第一个脊柱
John suspects the first versions of the vertebral column
是我们DNA中出现的小错误
were small mistakes in our DNA
使得骨沉积在脊索上
that created little bony deposits on the notochord.
这些错误保留了下来
They stuck around because they ended up
因为它们使动物变得更快更强，寻找食物更容易
making animals faster, stronger, and better at finding food.
但古代鱼类化石表明
But fossils of ancient fish
这种进化是一步就完成的
don't tell this evolutionary story step by step.
化石记录中存在许多巨大的历史缺口
There are huge gaps in the historical record.
约翰于是决定填补上这些缺口
So John has decided to try and fill in these gaps
通过将已灭绝的生物复活
by bringing extinct creatures back to life...