与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E01

Part 5 April 19, 2021, 2:51 p.m.

科学家还要再发现五种希格斯玻色子
scientists need to find evidence for five Higgs bosons.
花了40年才发现一个上帝粒子
It took 40 years to find one God particle.
我们注定会错过终极真理吗？
Is the ultimate truth destined to elude us?
希格斯玻色子担负着
The Higgs boson is responsible for
解释全宇宙物质来源的重任
giving everything in the entire universe mass.
这对于一个亚原子粒子来说是一个很重大的工作
That's a big job for one subatomic particle.
一些科学家认为这对于一个粒子来说过于重大了
Some scientists believe it's too big a job for one particle.
如果上帝粒子本身
What if the God particle
并不会自身携带重量呢？
isn't carrying the weight all by itself?
或许宇宙的真正设计
Perhaps the real design of the universe
需要多于一种希格斯玻色子扮演上帝
needs more than one Higgs to play God.
约翰·埃利斯是欧洲粒子物理研究所的一个理论物理学家
John Ellis is a theoretical physicist at CERN.
他一直在花时间出主意
He spends his time thinking up ideas,
很多主意在实验中常被证明错误
ideas that experiments here often prove wrong.
但这对于约翰来说还好
But that's okay by John.
那么我的工作就是
So, no, my job is to
为实验要寻找的对象提供想法
think of things for the experiments to look for,
然后，就像我常说的
and then, as I like to say,
我希望他们能发现一些不同的东西
I hope they find something different.
艾伯特·德·勒克是位实验物理学家
Albert de Roeck is an experimental physicist.
他则花时间检验主意
He spends his time testing ideas,
希望能够证明它们是错误的
hoping to prove them wrong.
我加入这些实验希望能够找到
I joined these experiments in pursuit of
打破标准模型的东西
finding something to crack the standard model,
通过找到超出标准模型之外的东西
possibly kill the standard model
将其扼杀掉
by finding things beyond the standard model.
艾伯特，实验者
Albert, the experimentalist,
约翰，思考者
and John, the thinker,
自从开始就同时都成为了
have both been part of the hunt for the Higgs
寻找希格斯玻色子的组成部分
since the beginning.
希格斯玻色子起初设想用来解决一个谜题
The Higgs boson was originally supposed to solve one mystery --
“w”和“z”玻色子的质量
the mass of the "w" and "z" bosons,
它们都非常之重
which are extremely heavy.
另两种玻色子基本没有质量
The other two bosons are massless.
物理学家认为“w”和“z”玻色子非常的重
Physicists proposed the "w" and "z" get heavy
是因为它们都单独与
because they alone interact with
无处不在的看不见的力场
an invisible field that is everywhere --
希格斯场相互作用
the Higgs field.
但是其他的玻色子不这样
But the other bosons do not.
随后，当标准模型写出后
Later, when the standard model was written,
希格斯场的概念就被延伸到
the idea of the Higgs field was extended
一个更为重大的工作上
to take on a much bigger job --
赋予整个宇宙质量
to give mass to the entire universe.
这是一类附加的东西
It was sort of added on.
并不是这种机制发明的原因
It was not why this mechanism was invented.
但是像艾伯特和约翰这类的物理学家知道
But physicists like Albert and John know
这个粒子可能并不能担负起
this one particle may not be responsible
赋予所有物质质量的重任
for giving mass to everything.
物理学中有大量的理论
There's myriads of theories out there in physics
都超出了标准模型
beyond the standard model,
这些理论具有的普遍特点是
and it's a general feature of them
它们预测的东西比
that they predict something more complicated
单独的希格斯玻色子复杂得多
than just a single Higgs boson.
约翰和艾伯特一直在尝试
John and Albert have been trying to
基于标准模型并同时修复其错误
come up with new theories, building upon the standard model
来想出一些新理论
while fixing what is wrong with it.
这意味着他们必须改变他们对
It means they must change their predictions
希格斯玻色子到底是什么的预测
for what the Higgs actually is.
已经预测出了几种不同的
Several varieties of Higgs particles
希格斯玻色子
have been predicted.
你可以想象是冰淇淋的不同口味
You can think of it like flavors of ice cream.
如果大型强子对撞机发现的是纯的、过时的香草口味希格斯玻色子
If the LHC found a plain, old, vanilla Higgs,
这就确认了物理学家已经知道的东西
it confirms what physicists already know.
但是如果发现的是有更多让人兴奋的口味
But if it turns out to be a more exciting flavor
比如薄荷巧克力块口味
like mint-chocolate-chip,
这就为物理打开了新的令人兴奋的可能
it opens up new thrilling possibilities for physics.
哦！
Oh!
其中一个可能就是
One of these possibilities would be that
有两种希格斯玻色子，分别担任不同的工作
there are two Higgs bosons, each with a different job.
已经有了非常多的想法认为
So, there's been, you know, a number of ideas that say,
“好吧，可能会发生一些外包的情况，”
"well, maybe there's a bit of outsourcing going on,"
一个希格斯玻色子
and that there is one Higgs boson
负责“w”和“zed”玻色子
for the "w" and the "zed"
另一个则负责物质粒子
and another one for the matter particles.
可以想象约翰是“z”玻色子，力的载体
Imagine John is a "z" boson, a force carrier.
艾伯特是个夸克，物质的载体
Albert is a quark, a matter carrier.
约翰是个总所周知的咖啡狂
John is a well-known coffee addict.
阿克伯特是人们所知的巧克力狂
Albert is a well-known chocoholic.
那么把这个咖啡馆当做一个希格斯场
Say this café is one Higgs field
巧克力店则是另一个
and this chocolate shop is another.
当约翰经过咖啡馆，他会放慢脚步获得质量
When John passes the café, he will slow down and gain mass.
但另一个粒子，我自己
But the other particle, myself,
会快速经过咖啡馆
would just zap through until
直到我遇到了能与我作用的场
I encounter the field with which I'm interacting,
这就会给我质量
and that would give me mass --
在这个例子中就是巧克力商店
in this case, a chocolate shop.
标准模型
The standard model
并不包括两种希格斯场
doesn't include two Higgs fields,
这也是这种想法能够吸引约翰和艾伯特的原因
which is why this idea is so appealing to John and Albert.
如果我们发现不仅有一种希格斯玻色子
If we were to find that there is more than one Higgs,
这就意味着物理学
that would mean for sure
肯定超出了标准模型
there is physics beyond the standard model.
现在如果我们寻找的
Now, if what we're looking at
是并不十分精确的东西
is something which is not exactly,
比如你祖母的希格斯玻色子
you know, your grandmother's Higgs boson,
某种方式来说确实让人很兴奋
that could actually, in a way, be even more exciting.
现在，当新发现的希格斯玻色子
So far, there are some signs of anomalies
开始衰退时，表现出了反常的迹象
in the way this new particle decays,
表明会有其他种类的希格斯玻色子
suggesting an exotic flavor of the Higgs
隐藏在数据之中
might be lurking in the data.
还仍有大量的数据等待分♥析♥
And there are still piles of data waiting to be analyzed.
我真心希望这个希格斯玻色子
I actually hope that this Higgs boson
是通往超出标准模型的
is gonna be a portal to the new physics
新的物理学的大门
which we're going to find beyond the standard model.
这非常让人兴奋
And that would be exciting because
因为每次这种事情的发生，我们就能够学到新东西
each time that happens, we learn something new.
大型强子对撞机也暗示了
The LHC may be hinting that
希格斯玻色子只是众多扮演者中的一个
the Higgs is only one of many players.
它不会全然就是上帝粒子
It may not be the God particle after all.
这个人认为创造宇宙的真♥相♥
This man thinks the truth about the creation of the universe
比长久以来才发现的希格斯玻色子还要深远
lies deeper than the long-sought Higgs,
我们只是才刚开始想象
that we owe our existence to
希格斯玻色子是我们存在的原因
particles we have only just begun to imagine.
希腊哲学家德谟克利特
It was the Greek philosopher Democritus
第一个提出了原子
who first thought of the atom.
他认为原子是
He imagined it to be
物质形成的最小单位
the smallest possible building block of matter,
它不能再分了
one that could never be divided.
他的想法成功延续了2千年
His idea was good enough to last 2,000 years,
直到核子时代的到来才揭示了更深层次的真♥相♥
until the nuclear age came along and revealed a deeper truth.
原子也是由更小的东西组成
The atom is made up of smaller things.
比如夸克和电子组成了原子
Just as particles like quarks and electrons make up the atom,
它们是更小的，更基本的组成单位
smaller, more fundamental building blocks
而又可能由希格斯玻色子组成
might make up the Higgs boson.
如果我们发现它们，就不仅能揭示
If we can find them, they could reveal
物质如何存在的，包括物质为什么存在
not just how matter exists but why it came to be.
弗朗西斯科·圣尼诺是位理论物理学家
Francesco Sannino is a theoretical physicist
就职于欧登赛的南丹麦大学
at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense.
他居住于能够让他的想象力狂野驰骋的完美城镇
He lives in the perfect town to let his imagination run wild.
欧登赛是著名儿童故事作家
Odense is the birthplace