与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E05

Part 5 April 19, 2021, 2:53 p.m.

弗兰斯认为
Frans believes that,
尽管我们的环境塑造了我们的行为
although our environment does shape our behavior,
但这需要很多很多代人的积累
it takes many, many generations to do so.
今天男人和女人的行为
The behavior of men and women today
是由几万年前从我们这个物种
harks back to the environment we lived in
刚进化出来的生存环境决定的
tens of thousands of years ago, when our species first evolved.
而黑猩猩和合趾猿生存在森林中
Whereas chimpanzees and bonobos live in the forest,
人类离开了森林来到了大草原
humans left the forest and entered the Savannah.
大草原是个非常危险的地方
The Savannah is a very dangerous place
因为你无法很容易逃脱
because you cannot easily escape.
这里有狮子，有鬣狗
There's big lions there and hyenas,
并且在过去，它们的体型比现在还大
and in the old days, they were even bigger than they are now,
人类就需要一个不同种类的社会
and so humans needed to have a different kind of society.
男性需要保护后代
The males got involved in protecting offspring.
这样的结果就是一男一女的关系
As a result, you get pair bonding between male and female,
构成了基本的家庭
so you get a nuclear family,
这就与黑猩猩或合趾猿非常不同
and that's very different from the chimpanzee
它们中的雄性基本不需要保护孩子
or the bonobo, where the males are barely involved.
不同于这些类人猿
Unlike the great apes,
养育孩子的任务全分配给雌性
who assigned all child-rearing to females,
人类则男女双方共同抚养孩子
human beings usually pair up to raise young.
这种行为在我们脑化学中已经根深蒂固了
This behavior is deeply rooted in our brain chemistry.
神经科学家已经发现激素，比如催产素
Neuroscientists have discovered that hormones, like oxytocin,
会在人类与约定对象相互作用时
are released inside the brain when humans interact
从脑内部释放出来
with their bonded partner.
这些激素使我们互相信任团结
These hormones urge us to trust each other and bond.
我认为人类这种一夫一妻的结构
And so, I think this pair-bonding framework
非常重要
of the human species is very important,
这基本就是为什么我们不以群体生活的原因
and it's basically what sets us apart.
弗兰斯认为这促成了我们的家庭
Frans believes that this drive to form our families
两个个体间的高度联♥系♥
around a strong bond between two individuals
而且在未来几千年也不会改变
will not be altered for thousands of years to come.
技术可能会改变我们的食物供应、
Technology may change our food supply,
谁能够繁殖后代，以及后代如何成长
who's capable of reproduction, and how their young are born,
但弗兰斯预计我们大多数人仍会选择
but Frans predicts most of us will choose to reproduce
和伴侣繁殖而不是通过一个群体
not through a community but rather with a partner.
毕竟老♥习♥惯很难改变
After all, old habits are hard to break.
但仅在两个人之间的有性生殖
But sexual reproduction between only two people
可能最终会被认为是劣势
may eventually be deemed inferior.
这位医生发现了一种方法，通过给孩子
This doctor has found a way to make children healthier
三位遗传父母让他们更加健康
by giving them three genetic parents.
性是我们星球上最伟大的创造力量
Sex is the greatest creative force on the planet.
它将两个人的DNA混合
It mixes the DNA of two people
成为了新的，有时会是非常出众的DNA
into novel and sometimes quite remarkable combinations.
没有性，就不会有米开朗基罗，不会有迈克尔·乔丹
Without sex, there would be no Michelangelo, no Michael Jordan.
你混合的DNA越多
The more you jumble up DNA,
就有越多创造性的可能
the more creative possibilities there are.
如果我们的父母不只一对
So wouldn't it be better
不就会更好吗？
if we could have more than two parents?
纽卡斯大学的道格·特恩布尔是名医学反叛者
Doug Turnbull of Newcastle University is a medical rebel.
他的小组发明了一种方法
His team has invented a procedure
只能通过违背法律进行
that can only be performed by breaking the law.
我认为我们正在做的
I think what we're doing --
我们需要保持这个角度来看
and I think we've got to keep this into perspective --
就是我们试图避免严重疾病的发生
is that we're trying to prevent serious disease.
我不认为这类技术
I don't believe that it's right and proper
是正确的或适当的
to be doing these sort of techniques
除非我们用来对抗疾病
unless we're trying to prevent serious disease,
我认为大多数科学家也会这么想
and I think that most scientists would feel exactly the same way.
道格激进的想法可以治疗多种
Doug's radical idea could cure a number of diseases
当我们的细胞没有足够能量时发生的疾病
that occur when our cells can't get enough power.
我们体内的每个细胞都含有线粒体
Every cell in our body contains mitochondria.
它们通过将食物中的物质
They provide power by taking material
转变为有机燃料为细胞供能
from the foods we eat and converting it to organic fuel.
但当线粒体不能正常工作
But when mitochondria aren't working properly,
我们的细胞就会功能不足
our cells can barely function.
这就导致了疾病
That leads to the diseases
会影响到中枢神经系统，还有心脏
where it affects the central nervous system, the heart.
这就会引发癫痫、中风、失明、
They can produce epilepsy, strokes, blindness,
耳聋以及痴呆
deafness, dementia.
线粒体拥有它自己的DNA
Mitochondria have their own separate DNA,
一个孩子从他或她母亲的受精卵中
and a child inherits all his or her mitochondria
遗传所有的线粒体
from the mother's fertilized egg.
道格发现了可以消除这类疾病的办法
But Doug has discovered how to eliminate the disease.
他打算移植受精卵细胞核
He plans to transplant the embryo's nucleus,
这里储存着孩子的主要基因组DNA
where the majority of the child's DNA is stored,
将细胞核转移到拥有健康线粒体的新细胞中
into a new cell with healthy mitochondria.
法律则不允许他
While the law prevents him
在人体中进行这项操作
from performing the full procedure in humans,
而他在自己的花♥园♥中经常做类似的工作
he often does similar work in his garden.
如果我们拿到的是不好的土壤
If we've got bad soil,
植物就不能生长
then a plant just simply won't grow.
如果你得到的受精卵中是不健康的线粒体
If you've got an egg which has got unhealthy mitochondria,
这就意味着它不能发育成正常儿童
then what it means is then that won't grow into a normal child.
它无法成长为正常的成年人
It won't grow into a normal adult.
但如果你将含有不健康的
But if you've managed to transfer the material
线粒体卵细胞中的物质转移到
from an egg which has got unhealthy mitochondria
含有健康线粒体的卵细胞中
into one which has got healthy mitochondria,
这样就可以让这个孩子茁壮成长
then that should allow a child to flourish,
这就是原理
and that's the principle.
我们的确想把细胞核遗传物质
We really want to move the nuclear genetic material
从不健康的环境中
from something which is unhealthy
移入健康的环境
into a situation where it's healthy.
把一粒种子从不好的土壤中
Transplanting a seed from a pot of bad soil
转移到健康土壤是一回事
to a pot of healthy soil is one thing.
将人类受精卵胚胎细胞的细胞核
Transferring the nucleus of a human embryo cell
转移到另一个供体细胞，则需要极其的小心和准确性
into a donor cell requires the utmost care and precision.
如果有什么错误，从这样胚胎中发育的婴儿
If anything goes wrong, the infant that develops
则会带有非常严重的先天缺陷
from that embryo could have severe birth defects.
但在纽卡斯保育诊所的道格和他的同事
But Doug and his colleagues at the newcastle fertility clinic
则通过合法的
are mastering the process
多次练习掌握了这个过程
by performing legally permitted practice runs.
卵细胞采自于
So, the eggs are collected from women
捐献卵细胞以供研究的女性
who are donating their eggs for research.
我们将对这些卵细胞进行
These eggs undergo an I.V.F. Procedure --
体外受精
in vitro fertilization.
道格的小组取了一个捐献的卵细胞
Doug's team takes a donated egg
移除细胞核
and removes its nucleus,
创造了携带有健康线粒体的空载体
creating an empty vessel with healthy mitochondria.
然后他们把线粒体缺陷的细胞细胞核
They then transplant the nucleus of the defective cell
转移到这个健康载体中
into the healthy vessel.
法律不允许他们
The law prevents them
将这枚卵细胞重新植入母亲体内
from putting this egg back inside a mother.
但如果他们做了
But if they did,
这个孩子就会和地球上任何人都不相同
that child would be unlike any other on earth.
他或她会有2万3千个核基因
She or he would have 23,000 nuclear genes
来自于双亲
from two parents
还有13个来自于别人的线粒体基因
and 13 mitochondrial genes from someone else.
从遗传学角度来说，这个孩子拥有三位父母
Genetically speaking, the child would have three parents.
许多反对道格的人认为
Many of Doug's opponents argue
给一个孩子任何第三方的基因
that giving a child any amount of third-party genes,
无论有什么医学价值
on matter what the medical value,
都是在越过底限
is crossing a line.
这是2万3千对13
It's 23,000 versus 13,
你能看出这仅是微小的改变
so you can see it is a tiny contribution.
如果这能够防止疾病发生
And if it's preventing disease,
比起坏事来看这确实是一件好事
surely that's a good thing rather than a bad thing.
但对于一些人类说这是无法接受的
But for some people, that's unacceptable.
道格和他的小组现在涉及了
Doug and his team are now involved
一个公共协商之中
in a public consultation