与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E02

Part 2 April 19, 2021, 2:52 p.m.

这也是地球上生命一代到另一代的
that life on earth is an unbreakable chain of events
牢不可破的混合在一起的
where one generation and the next
一串事件
are blurred together.
还是孩子的时候，我会去看我的爷爷
When I was a kid, I would go and visit my grandfather,
他经常下象棋，我就会过去看他下棋
and he used to play chess, and I would go and watch him,
我长大后就跟着他学习下棋
and I grew up learning to play with him...
走“卒”到G-4
Pawn to G-4.
然后我父亲也教我儿子下棋
...and then my father also taught my son,
现在我儿子和我在下棋
and now my son and I play.
将军
Checkmate.
我认为类似于象棋从一代传向另一代
I think there's an interesting parallel between chess
还有一些东西也可以传向下一代
that was passed from one generation to another,
我们现在知道是生物学上的
and what we know biologically now
两代人之间的细胞传递
is the passage of cells between generations.
希拉里·加米尔博士
Dr. Hilary Gammill
来自弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心
from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
她认为个体生命
believes individual lives
交织的东西比我们想象的还要多
are more interwoven than we ever imagined.
她在思考我们所有人体内
She wonders if inside all of us
是否会有我们亲人的痕迹
there are traces of our relatives,
甚至可以追溯到几代人之前
dating back generations.
我研究的领域集中在母亲在怀孕期
My area of focus is on the exchange of cells
是否会和胎儿存在细胞交换
between a mother and fetus during pregnancy.
经典教科书中说
The classic textbooks used to state
胎儿血液和母体血液
that there was absolutely no contact
绝对不会存在相互接触
between the fetal blood and the maternal blood --
两人的血液都只会分隔地保存在自己体内
they were just protected in separate compartments.
许多年来，科学家认为胎盘形成后
For years, scientists thought when the placenta forms,
就形成了母亲和胎儿之间
it acts as an impenetrable barrier
不可逾越的屏障
between the mother and the fetus,
像携带有外来基因的
so nothing as large
外来细胞这么大的东西
as a foreign cell with foreign genes
是不可能穿过胎盘的
could pass through --
婴儿的DNA就是他/她自己的DNA
baby's DNA stays within the baby,
母亲的DNA就是母亲自己的
and mom's DNA stays with the mom.
通过对母亲血流的观察
By peering into the bloodstreams of mothers,
希拉里和她的团队发现一些不可思议的东西
Hilary and her team have discovered something remarkable.
当他们从母亲的血液中
When they sampled just a teaspoon
提取一茶匙量的样品
of blood from the mothers,
他们发现了非常多的流动的外来细胞
they found dozens and dozens of foreign cells floating around,
这些细胞来自于她们体内的孩子
cells from the mothers' babies.
我们现在了解的是通过怀孕
So, we actually understand now that throughout pregnancy,
会在母体和胎儿之间存在
there is bidirectional exchange of information cells and DNA
细胞和DNA的双向信息交换
between the mother and the fetus.
希拉里的研究表明了胎盘并不是不可穿透的
Hilary's work shows the placenta is not at all impenetrable.
它更像是个筛子
It's more like a sieve.
上面有很多微孔
There are miniscule holes
可以使细胞进出
that let cells out and let cells in.
这些外来细胞可以在我们体内存活数十年
These foreign cells can survive in our bodies for decades.
这种交换不仅仅
It's an exchange that happens
发生在母亲和胎儿之间
not only between mother and fetus.
来自其他亲人的细胞可能也会溜进去
Cells from other relatives may sneak in, too.
理论上我们可能拥有
It is theoretically possible that we could have cells
通过许多不同来源交换的细胞
that are exchanged from multiple different sources --
比如哥哥或姐姐
you know, older siblings
当然还有母亲和胎儿的
and certainly mothers and fetuses,
甚至过去几代人的
but past generations, as well.
当一位母亲获得来自胎儿的细胞时
When a mother acquires cells from a fetus,
她可以将这些细胞传递到她
she could pass on these baby cells
下一个孩子
to her next child.
弟弟或者妹妹就可能拥有
A younger sibling could have cells
来自哥哥或姐姐体内的细胞
from the body of an older sibling.
这些细胞不仅仅是因为好奇
These cells are more than just a curiosity.
它们可以成为体内的士兵
They can act as soldiers in the body
与疾病战斗
and combat disease...
这些细胞可以在接受者体内
Those cells can be active against cancer cells
激活来抵御癌症细胞
that develop in the recipient.
但不是所有交换的细胞
...But not all of these exchanged cells
都可以保护防御机体
protect and defend.
当我们的免疫系统
When our immune system
检测到血液中这些外来细胞
detects these foreign cells in the bloodstream,
就可能会攻击它们
it may decide to attack them.
另外这些少量的在个体内
These small numbers of foreign cells
持续存在的外来细胞
that are persistent in an individual
还与疾病相关
are associated with disease states,
比如自身免疫病、系统性硬化病
like autoimmune diseases like systemic sclerosis.
细胞交换
The exchange of cells
对于个体的健康而言
may have both positive and negative consequences
既有好的一面，也会有不好的结果
for the health of the individuals involved.
来自我们亲人的细胞的存在
The presence of cells from our relatives
会改变我们的整个生命
could change the course of our entire lives,
使我们之间的相互联♥系♥
making us all more interconnected
比我们曾经认为的还要密切
than we ever thought possible.
了解细胞在不同个体间的
Understanding that cells are exchanged
一般交换
commonly between individuals,
我认为，使个体间的界线不再清晰
I think, blurs the borders between those individuals
这样一个生命的起始
so that the beginning of one life
与另一个生命的终结就不再那么清楚
and the end of another life are a little bit less clear.
我们身体的一些部分
The life of some parts of our bodies
的确产生于精卵融合之前
actually begins before our sperm and egg have ever met,
但斯德哥尔摩的一位医生
but one doctor in Stockholm
想要将生命的起始
wants to push the beginning of life
推向另一个方向
in the other direction.
他认为在我们知道自己活着之前都不算活着
He believes we cannot be alive until we know we are alive.
那到底什么才算人类生命的开端？
When does human life begin?
在这个可以进行体外受精
In this age of in vitro fertilization
和围产医学的时代
and prenatal medicine,
这的确是科学家和医生
it's a question that scientists and doctors
每天都在努力解答的问题
struggle to answer every day.
也许有另一种方法可以解答这个问题
Perhaps there's another way to approach the question.
你如何知道是否有人在家呢？
How do you know if someone is home?
你会敲门，看是否会有人应门
You knock on the door, see if someone answers.
当雨果·拉格克兰斯医生还是个年轻人时
When Dr. Hugo Lagercrantz was a younger man,
他的生活很有压力
his life was stressful.
他是位于斯德哥尔摩的
He was the director of the neonatal intensive care unit
阿斯特丽德·林格伦儿童医院
at the Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital
新生儿重症监护室的主管
in Stockholm,
在这里他监护着胎儿和新生儿
where he monitored fetuses and newborn babies.
当时胎儿监护还是非常新的技术
Fetal monitoring was quite new at that time.
会有很多的误报
There were a lot of false alarms,
所以这很让人头疼
so it was distressing.
但是雨果的病人遭受的是
But Hugo's patients experienced far more stress
远比他多的压力
than he ever did --
不是母亲，而是孩子
not the mothers, the babies.
被生出来是一生中最困难的事件
Being born is the most stressful event in life,
尤其是以自然的方式生产出来
particularly if you're born in the natural way.
我们出生的时候
When we are born,
会被从温暖安全的子♥宫♥中取出
we're taken from our warm, safe womb
扔进这个世界中
and thrown into the world.
这也是我们生命中最重要的一天
It's the most dramatic day of our lives,
但这天我们甚至都记不得
but it's a day we don't even remember.
这就让雨果思考
This made Hugo wonder,
“婴儿什么时候才会意识到发生了什么呢？
"When do babies become aware of what's going on?
意识什么时候才会产生？”
When does consciousness begin?"
他认为我们可以通过鱼类寻找线索
He thinks we can look for clues by looking at fish.
现在瑞典出♥台♥了一项新法律
Now there is a new law in Sweden
规定人们钓鱼的时候不允许使用鱼钩
that you're not allowed to use hooks when you're fishing.
这可能是因为他们认为
The idea is that they think
鱼类也会有意识并感到痛苦
that the fish may be conscious and suffer,
当然它们也可以对痛觉产生反应
and certainly the fish reacts to pain,