与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E07

Part 2 April 19, 2021, 2:53 p.m.

它们要自己学会行动
they're going to have to learn to move on their own.
然后会发生什么呢？
What happens then?
它们会像我们这样进化出复杂的大脑吗？
Will they evolve complex brains like ours?
佛蒙特大学的机器人设计师乔希·邦加德
Robot builders Josh Bongard of the university of Vermont
和康奈尔大学的胡迪·利普森
and Hod Lipson of Cornell university
正在尝试回答这个问题
are trying to answer that question.
我们与世界之间的联♥系♥
Increasingly, we see that interaction with the world,
和物质世界之间的联♥系♥对于智力的发生发展很重要
with the physical world, is important for intelligence.
你不能在一个罐子里造一个大脑
You can't just build a brain in a jar.
胡迪和乔希的目标就是制♥造♥一个机器
Hod and Josh's goal is to build a machine
足够聪明来学习自己如何移♥动♥
that's smart enough to learn how to move around all by itself.
他们创造了一群形态奇怪的
They've created a menagerie of strange robotic forms
机器人
along the way.
而他们的工作开始于一个可以
But their work starts with the computer program
使机器人身体进化的计算机程序
designed to evolve robot bodies.
它会模拟不同的身体结构
It simulates various body plans
然后用多种方法让这个身体运动
and then tries various strategies to get them to move.
好的，那么我们来经历一次
Okay, so, let's walk our way through --
不是双关语——真实的进化模拟
no pun intended -- an actual evolutionary simulation.
这个例子中
So, in this case,
我们告诉计算机我们想要一个两条腿的机器人
we've told the computer that we want a robot that has two legs,
而计算机就需要指出
but we want the computer to figure out
这个两条腿的机器人
how to get the robot
如何协调移♥动♥双腿
to orchestrate the movement of the robot's legs.
这里，我们能看到有点令人惊讶的事
And here, we see something a little bit surprising,
这种进化并没有找到我们使用两条腿的行动方式
that evolution hasn't discovered the solution that we use.
有时这个进化进程
Sometimes when we run this evolutionary process,
会产生类似步行的行为
it produces something familiar like walking,
而其他例子中，它产生的行为对于我们都很陌生
and in other cases, it produces something that's not familiar,
这些行为都不会发生在我们身上
something we wouldn't have come up with on our own.
适者生存
It's survival of the fittest
或至少不会那么笨拙
or perhaps the least awkward.
就像大自然基于每一代的
Just as mother nature selects generations
生存能力选择生物
based on their ability to survive,
这个模拟程序也是如此
so does the simulation.
计算机删除了那些
The computer deletes the robots
做的不好的机器人
that aren't doing a very good job,
并保留下了做的
and the computer then takes the robots
稍微好一点的机器人
that are doing a slightly better job
对它们进行改进
and makes modified copies of them
一次次重复这个过程
and repeats this process over and over again.
这样过了一会儿，计算机开始发现一些
And after a while, the computer starts to discover robots
在这个例子中，能够从屏幕的左侧
that, in this case, are able to walk
行走到屏幕右侧的机器人
from the left side of the screen to the right side of the screen.
这是一个加速的进化过程
This is evolution on steroids.
大自然花去了数百万年的时间
What took mother nature millions of years
而在计算机中只进行了几个小时
takes the computer just a few hours.
经过一夜，计算机测试了上千代机器人
Overnight, the computer tests thousands of generations,
最终产生了一个达到目标的机器人
and eventually it produces a robot that meets the goal.
当这个模拟创造出了
When the simulation makes something
看起来非常有趣的东西时
that looks particularly interesting,
胡迪和乔希就采用这种形体方案并将其建造出来
Hod and Josh take that body plan and build it.
现在他们能够测试
Now they can test whether
计算机模拟中成功的行走方案
the strategies for moving learned in simulation
能否应用于现实世界中
work as well in the real world.
这个机器人叫做正方形四脚机器人
So, this robot is called the quadratot,
它基本上算是一个正在通过机器人进化技术
and it's basically a robot that learns how to walk
学习如何行走的机器人
using evolutionary robotic techniques.
我们在这里看到的
And so, what we can see here
就是这个机器人如何学习的例子
is a particular example of how this robot learns.
这是它做出的最开始的步伐
This is one of the earliest gaits that it did,
我们能发现它移♥动♥的不是很远很快
and we can see that it's not moving very far or very fast.
有点像小孩
It's kind of like a child
很小的时候只会爬的动作
during its very early behaviors of crawling.
它正在尝试不同的方法
It's trying out different things.
一些更有利行走的，或是不利于行走的
Some things work better. Some things work less well.
它正在获得经验，从中学习
And it's taking the experiences and learning from them
并逐渐改善自己的步伐
and gradually improving its gait.
已经存在许多机器人可以通过
There are many robots that can move well
预先编写的特定程序完美运动
while executing a specific predesigned task.
但是胡迪和乔希的机器人
But Hod and Josh's robots
则需要在新环境中
must start to learn by themselves from scratch
全靠自己开始学习
in an unknown environment.
它能够感觉到自己的进步
It can sense its own progress,
像婴儿从爬行开始学习一样
and like a baby learning to crawl,
通过每走一步以及每次跌倒
it becomes more aware of its body
它越来越能意识到自己的身体
with every step and every tumble.
胡迪和乔希认为这种自我认知
Hod and Josh believe this self-awareness
逐渐会构成意识的基础形式
gradually builds into a basic form of consciousness.
通常我们都会问到
Often, we've raised the question,
什么是有意识的，什么没有？
is something conscious, or is it not?
但它的确不是一个黑白分明的东西
But it's really not a black-and-white thing.
它更像是关于
It's more about
一个实体能多大程度具有自我这一概念
to what degree an entity's able to conceive of itself,
多大程度的模拟自己、考虑自己、
to simulate itself, to think about itself,
具有自我意识
to be self-aware.
就像机器人通过多种复杂方式学习移♥动♥
As robots learn to move in more complex ways,
它们就有可能发展出和我们同等的意识
it's possible they will develop levels of consciousness
甚至超越于我们的意识
equal to ours and maybe beyond.
不过根据一位科学家的说法
But according to one scientist,
一个机器人若真的拥有意识
for a robot to become truly conscious...
它就必须具有情感
...it must develop feelings.
意识是什么？
What is consciousness?
这要看你问谁了
The answer depends on who you talk to.
一位医生对意识的定义可能会不同于牧师
A doctor's definition would be different from a priest's.
但我们都认为我们的高层次意识
But we all agree that our high-level consciousness
将我们与其他生物体区分开
is what separates us from other organisms
当然也与机器人区分开
and, of course, from robots.
要用什么办法才能让机器人拥有意识呢？
What would it take for robots to become conscious?
它们能通过单纯的逻辑发展出意识吗？
Can they get there on logic alone?
还是必须要学会感受？
Or must they also learn to feel?
来自伊利诺伊大学的彭蒂·海科宁教授认为
Professor Pentti Haikonen from the university of Illinois
机器人只能在它们可以体验感情后
believes machines will only become conscious
才能发展出意识
when they can experience emotions.
他从很小的时候开始就有着这种观点
It's a belief he has held since he was very young
也是他第一次思考意识的意义时
when he first contemplated what it meant to be conscious.
还是4、5岁的样子，我站在家里的厨房♥中
When I was 4 or 5 years old, I was standing in our kitchen,
突然被一种神秘的存在感惊呆了
and suddenly I was struck by the mystery of existence...
为什么我会是我
...how and why I was me
而不是我姐姐或哥哥
and why I was not my sister or my brother.
我是如何进到我的身体中的？
How did I get inside myself?
随着他的长大
As he got older,
彭蒂意识到使他感受到意识的
Pentti realized that what made him feel conscious
就是他脑中
of being inside his head
对于身边世界中人和物的
were his emotional reactions to the people and objects
各种情绪反应
in the world around him.
我们意识背后的神经活动
The neural processes that are behind our consciousness
发生于我们的脑内
take place inside our brain,
但是我们并不以这种方式看世界
but we don't see things that way.
举个例子，当你扎破你的手指时
For instance, when you cut your finger,
手指的疼痛感就这么出现了
the pain is in the finger or so it appears,
但实际上疼痛感在这里
but, actually, the pain is in here.
有了感受才意味着意识
To feel is to be conscious.
我们的大脑对于周围世界的
Our brain's raw experience of the world around us
原始感受只是通过我们的感觉产生的
is just a series of electrical impulses
一系列的电脉冲
generated by our senses.
只是我们把这些电脉冲与相关的情感
However, we translate these impulses into mental images
转译成了心理表象
by making emotional associations with them.
令人愉悦的声音
A sound is pleasing.
平静安详的景象
A view is peaceful.