与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E09

Part 6 April 19, 2021, 2:54 p.m.

这种观点表明我们未来的选择
the idea that it is our future choice
引起了不确定性
that causes that uncertainty.
逆向因果意味着未来可以影响过去
Retrocausality means the future affects the past.
事件的起始和结束都是已经固定的
The beginning and ending of events are fixed in time,
但肯认为量子物理
but Ken argues quantum physics
在其中创造了灵活性
creates flexibility in the middle,
这种灵活性为我们提供了控制命运的机会
and that flexibility offers us the chance to control our fate.
在时钟机构式的牛顿宇宙中
In the newtonian clockwork universe,
起始状态和物理规则决定了一切事物
the initial state and the laws determine everything there is.
起始状态是确定的
There's no freedom, given the initial state.
而在时间对称的宇宙中
In a time-symmetric universe,
这种观点并不是正确的
it's not obvious that that's true,
因为如果事情
because if something is dependent
不仅依赖于起始状态，同样依赖最终状态
not only on the initial state, but equally on the final state,
那么现在的这些中间事件就不是决定好的
now those intermediate events aren't predetermined
某种意义上说它们就不是被初始状态决定的
in the sense they're not determined by the initial state.
也许它们最终都是决定好的
They might eventually be determined,
但还有自♥由♥意志的余地
but there's more wiggle room for free will.
换句话说
In other words,
我们命运的终点也许是固定的
the end points of our fates may be fixed,
只是我们不知道会如何正好到达终点
but we don't know how precisely we will reach them.
我不知道一分钟内我会做什么决定
I don't know what I'm gonna decide in one minute,
可我终将会做出这个决定
and yet that decision will be made.
这就是已经决定好的
It will be determined.
有个很好的例子就是我不知道的事
So, there is a perfect example of something that I don't know
可能是由过去决定的
and is not possibly not determined just by the past,
但是最终都是决定好的
but nevertheless will eventually be determined.
随着我们走向未来
As we sail into the future,
我们是否真的可以自♥由♥选择前进的路线？
do we really have the freedom to set our own course?
这个人认为人类的命运取决于你、我、
This man thinks the fate of humanity hangs on how you, me,
以及其他人如何回答这一问题
and everyone else answers this question,
因为如果我们放弃相信自♥由♥意志
because if we give up on free will,
人类就危在旦夕了
humanity could be doomed.
而对于我们
The debate over just how much
对于自己命运的选择有多少自♥由♥的争论
or how little freedom we have to choose our fate
已经进行了数千年
has raged for thousands of years.
或许还会再进行数千年
It may go on for millennia to come.
无论谁是对的
No matter who is actually right,
但感觉我们的确具有自♥由♥意志，不是么？
it certainly feels like we have free will, doesn't it?
如果对我们能够自♥由♥选择的信仰
What if believing we have a choice
是人类生存的必要条件呢？
is necessary for the survival of the human race?
1994年，一位叫做乔纳森·斯古尔的年轻人
In 1994, a young man named Jonathan schooler picked up
阅读了一本由诺贝尔奖获得者弗朗西斯·克里克写的书
a book by nobel prize-winning scientist Francis crick.
书中，克里克写道“事实上
In it, crick wrote, "you are, in fact,
“你只不过是一大团神经细胞
"no more than the behavior of a vast assembly of nerve cells
及其相关的化学分子产生的东西。”
and their associated molecules."
乔纳森·斯古尔后来成为一名神经科学家
Jonathan schooler eventually became a neuroscientist.
今天，他是圣巴巴拉市
Today he's a star Professor
加利福尼亚大学的明星教授
at the university of California, Santa Barbara,
但他仍被克里克的书困扰着
but he's still troubled by crick's book.
有一些原因使我的确被弗朗西斯·克里克的
I was really taken with Francis crick's
“惊人的假说”所吸引
"the astonishing hypothesis" for several reasons.
首先，他明确的指出
First off, he said in absolute terms
科学已经决定性的把
that science had conclusively ruled out
自♥由♥意志的存在排除了
the existence of free will,
而我并不是非常赞同他的
and I just wasn't really persuaded that
如此程度的确定
that degree of certainty was merited.
克里克的观点变得非常流行
Crick's beliefs have only become more popular over time,
就在几年前
so a few years ago,
乔纳森开始进行一些实验
Jonathan began running experiments
来看如此绝对的决定论是如何
to see how this message of strict determinism
影响人们的行为的
affects people's behavior.
在今天的实验中
In today's experiment,
一些学生会接受道德测试
a series of students will have their morality tested,
不过这会在他们接受到
but only after they are exposed to
关于自然命运与自♥由♥意志的影响之后进行
messages about the nature of fate and free will.
在实验尾声
At the end of the experiment,
他们会填写一份小调查
they will fill out a short survey and then be paid
然后会从这个罐子里取走一美元硬币作为报酬
with a dollar coin taken from this jar.
一些学生会读到一些文字
Some of the students read statements
能够诱使他们产生
designed to induce a feeling
自己只是生物学和命运的小卒的想法
that they are pawns of biology and fate.
另一部分学生读到的则是
Other students read statements
使他们相信自♥由♥意志的内容
that bolster their belief in free will.
然后所有的参与者都会进行一个认知测试
Then all of the participants are given a cognitive test,
但就在他们完成之前
but before they can finish,
乔纳森假装被叫走了
Jonathan pretends to be called away.
哦，天啊！我迟到了！
Oh, dear, I'm late.
我需要你们为自己的测试评分
I'm gonna need you to grade the test yourself.
我会给你们答案，然后拿走属于你们的1美元
I'll give you the key, and then score yourself $1.00
你们都知道了么？
for every one that you got correct, okay?
那么这些之前受到不同信息影响的
Will the messages the students saw earlier
学生的行为会什么样呢？
affect their behavior?
大多数学生都只有一两个问题回答正确
Most students only get a question or two correct.
一些人会取走自己相应的报酬
Some pay themselves accordingly.
但另一些学生会拿走更多的钱
But other students take more than their share.
这些之前被告知
Those people who were told
世上并没有自♥由♥意志的人
there's no such thing as free will
拿走的硬币都会比
consistently took more coins
没有得知这样消息的人多
than those who were not given that information.
换句话说
In other words,
告诉人们并不存在自♥由♥意志
telling people there's no such thing as free will
某种程度上会破坏他们的
to some degree undermines their capacity
道德行为
to act in a moral manner.
乔纳森认为
Jonathan suspects
相信自己只是宇宙这盘象棋中的小卒的观点
believing you are just a pawn in a cosmic chess game
会给人们做坏事的借口
gives people an excuse for bad behavior.
“不要责怪我，我没有自♥由♥意志。”
"Don't blame me. I don't have free will."
另一种可能性则是
Another possibility is
就像把他们脚下的地板抽走
it kind of pulls the rug out from underneath them,
通常他们都会有自我意志的经验
that they have this experience of will normally,
但当你告诉他们压根没有自♥由♥意志这类东西时
but when you tell them they have no such thing as free will,
他们就失去了能够防止自己做
they just don't have the oomph to be able to prevent themselves
本可以避免的坏事的力量
from resisting the temptation of avoiding cheating.
就像所有思考着的人们
Like all thinking people,
乔纳森有着他自己对于自♥由♥意志的看法
Jonathan has his own views on free will.
他认为是遗传、社会、
He accepts that we are shaped by genetics, society,
以及宇宙深处的工作方式塑造了我们
and the deep workings of the universe,
但他同时也看到了意识选择
but he also sees a place for conscious choice.
从我的角度来看，自♥由♥意志很像航行
From my vantage, free will is a lot like sailing.
你在航海时，会被水流、
When you sail, you're buffeted around by the currents,
天气以及风向风力所影响
by the weather, by the wind.
然而你是有办法的
Nevertheless, you're able to set a tack,
即使你无法控制
and even though you can't control
你现在处于什么样的必然时刻
where you are at any given moment necessarily,
只要你的航向是对的
if you set your tack right,
你还是能够驶向你的目的地
you can end up largely where you want to go.
这就是乔纳森相信的
This is what Jonathan believes,
但他不能也没有人能够证明这一点
but neither he nor anyone else can prove it.
尽管我们学到了很多
Although we've learned a great deal
关于人类意识的本性、
about the nature of human consciousness,
关于现实的性质、关于物理的等等
about the nature of reality, about physics and so on,
考虑到那么多的未知
given what we don't know,
我认为我们对于排除
I think we need to be very cautious
像自♥由♥意志这样如此基本的东西
about ruling out the existence of something
需要非常谨慎
that's so fundamental as free will.
为选择留有余地
And keeping that option open,
允许人们自主的去相信自♥由♥意志
allowing people to be free to believe in free will,
这会是个很好的主意，因为自♥由♥意志
seems to be a really good idea, because free will --
至少对自♥由♥意志的信仰
at least the belief in free will --