与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E09

Part 5 April 19, 2021, 2:54 p.m.

为了在量子世界中寻找逻辑
To find logic in the quantum world,
赫拉德正在探索
Gerard is probing
量子理论的数学基础
the mathematical fundamentals of quantum theory.
在这种几乎没人能够理解的程度进行研究
Working at a level few can comprehend,
他开始认为
he has come to believe
尽管看似并不能预测量子粒子
that despite the seeming unpredictability
但其遵循着一系列
of quantum particles, the whole of existence
严格的规则
follows a strict, unbending set of rules,
宇宙的确控制着我们的命运
and the universe really does control our fate.
我喜欢把宇宙看做是一台计算设备
I like to view the universe as a computing instrument,
相当于一台巨型电脑
as a gigantic computer,
这台电脑和你的笔记本电脑
a computer not different from your laptop
或其他电脑并无什么区别，除了它的尺寸和运行速度外
or from any other computer except its size and its speed.
宇宙的计算速度极快
The universe calculates extremely fast
而且有着极大的内存
and with extremely, gigantically big memory,
这与人造电脑不同
unlike any man-made object.
我们用的电脑
Computers here on earth
通过二进制的“0”和“1”进行计算
operate using a binary code of zeroes and ones,
那么我们应该在哪里寻找宇宙的“0”和“1”呢？
so where do we find the zeroes and ones of the universe?
这是尺寸的问题
It's a matter of scale.
正常比例下，大多数人可以发现地面上的一枚硬币
With normal vision, most of us can spot a penny on the ground.
但如果让赫拉德在这样的
But for Gerard to spot a miniature coin
微型人行道上找一枚微型硬币
on the sidewalk of this miniature street
几乎是不可能的
is nearly impossible.
而赫拉德寻找的东西
And Gerard towers above
比这枚微型硬币还要小上指数倍
something exponentially smaller than this miniature coin,
比一个原子还要小上
a scale trillions upon trillions of times tinier
数万亿万亿倍
than the width of an atom.
这就是普朗克尺度
This is the planck scale,
测量宇宙的基础层次
the basic level of measurement of the universe.
在这个物质存在的最底层
It's here at the very bottom layer of existence
赫拉德认为我们能在创世的心脏中
that Gerard believes we will find
找到最基础的信息
the basic bits of information at the heart of creation --
他称之为“确认变量”和“改变变量”
what he calls beables and changeables,
这样的二进制粒子就可以告诉我们“是”或“否”的答案
binary particles that can only give yes or no answers,
而不是可能性
not maybes.
这个层面会远小于我们如今看到的量子层面
This layer exists far beneath the quantum layers we see today.
这样，我认为
So, I believe that
这个尺度才是一切真实发生的
is the scale where everything actually happens,
一切都又具有了确定性
where everything becomes deterministic.
赫拉德的计算表明在普朗克尺度
Gerard's calculations indicate that at the planck scale,
宇宙不是象棋
the universe is not a game of chess,
棋子以奇怪的方式移♥动♥
where pieces move in strange ways
而且可以跃过棋盘较大的区域
and jump across vast terrain.
宇宙则是西洋跳棋
The universe is a game of checkers,
是一个格子只能影响
a binary world where one frame
旁边格子的二进制的世界
can only affect an adjoining frame.
想象一个西洋跳棋棋盘
Think of a checkerboard
有着无数个格子
with billions and billions of squares,
而你现在从非常远的地方
and now you look at a checkerboard
观察这个棋盘
from a great distance.
你就看不到棋盘上发生了什么
You can no longer follow in detail what happens.
对于你来说似乎一切都变得混乱了
It looks to you as if chaos takes over,
就像事情没有确定性了一样
as if things are undetermined.
我认为这就是量子力学的源头
So, I believe that's the origin of quantum mechanics.
我们无法极为准确的预测事物
We can no longer predict things with infinite precision
因为你对于这种极端的细节
because you're not under control at all
完全无法像我们希望的那样
of what happens in all extreme details,
辨认与控制
as we would like it.
在最深层次上
At its deepest level,
宇宙像是一个巨大的跳棋棋盘
the universe may be an enormous checkerboard,
其中发生的所有事情都是“棋子”的移♥动♥
and everything happening in it is a product of its moves.
但在我们能够感知到的现实层面
But at the layer of reality we perceive,
这些基本构成元素是看不到的
these basic patterns can't be seen.
虽然我们的行为
Although our actions
终究是由宇宙决定的
are ultimately determined by the universe,
但我们会认为自己具有自♥由♥意志
it feels like we have free will.
但是这位物理学家认为
But one physicist feels
量子力学的模糊性
the fuzziness of quantum mechanics
允许产生自♥由♥意志
allows for genuine free will.
他认为因果关系可能并不像我们认为的那样
He says cause and effect may not be what we think they are,
因为未来可以回溯
because the future can reach back in time
并影响现在
and affect the present.
印度教♥徒♥认为因缘（业力）维持着每个行为
The hindu concept of karma maintains every act,
好的或坏的行为，不论多么无关紧要
good or bad, no matter how insignificant,
最终都会带给行为者等量的报应
will eventually return to the doer with equal impact.
因缘是因果的道德法则
Karma is the moral law of cause and effect.
但如果这一切是倒过来的呢？
What if this works in reverse?
如果我们在未来会做的事
What if the things we will do in the future
可以影响过去呢？
affect what happened in the past?
这位物理学家有一种研究量子力学的新方法
This physicist has a new way of looking at quantum mechanics,
这个方法表明自♥由♥意志就写在
a way that shows free will is written into
宇宙的基本结构中
the fundamental structure of the universe.
肯·沃顿是加利福尼亚
Ken Wharton is a Professor
圣何塞州立大学的一名教授
at San Jose state university in California.
从小时候他就对
Since he was a little boy, he has been fascinated
能够解释日常生活中
by the idea that fundamental laws of nature
几乎一切事情的自然基本法则很感兴趣
can explain nearly everything in our day-to-day existence.
我还是孩子的时候，我的父母在家里放电影
When I was a kid, my parents took home movies,
我们用胶片看电影
and we watched them on actual film,
对于胶片，你就需要在放映完后
and the thing about actual film is after you play it,
进行倒带
you have to rewind the film.
你可以让放映机一边放映着
And you could leave the projector running
一边倒带，我们经常这么做
while you did this, and we often did,
我们看着
and we laughed at
影像倒放的滑稽效果哈哈大笑
how funny everything looked running backward.
而我的父亲是一位物理学家，他告诉我
But my father was a physicist, and he would tell me --
我清楚地记得
I distinctly remember --
“肯，你看到的这些
"Ken, everything you're seeing here
仍然遵守物理学法则
"still obeys the same laws of physics,
即使倒过来也是。”
running either direction."
我就经常思考这个问题
And I've always tried to grapple with this question
这些看起来与实际有着如此差异的事情
of how something that can look so different
怎么仍遵守同样的物理法则呢
might still obey the same laws of physics.
物理学法则
Can the laws of physics
也能预测人们将要做的决定吗？
also predict the choices that people make?
是否有一些基本法则
Are there fundamental rules that,
确定了一切事物的运动起始点
when everything is set in motion from a given starting position,
并引导我们不可避免的走向唯一的终点？
lead us inevitably to one and only one possible outcome?
爱因斯坦就这么认为的
Einstein thought so.
他的相对论告诉我们
His theory of relativity tells us
我们生活在一个封闭的宇宙中
we live in something called a block universe,
在这里所有的空间和时间
in which all of space and all of time
都像是一卷胶片
are laid out like a roll of film,
过去、现在和将来都同时存在
where the past, present, and future all exist at once.
肯认为，这意味着未来可以影响过去
This, Ken says, means the future can affect the past,
就像过去可以影响未来一样
just as the past affects the future.
未来不是一系列的随机事件
The future is not just some series of random events.
现在与我们可以预测的未来
There are correlations between the present
具有一些相关性
and the future that we can predict.
这也是科学在做的事
That's what science does.
在做这些预测的过程中
And in the course of making these predictions,
就很自然的把宇宙看做是
it's more natural to think of the universe
一个连续的结构
as being one continuous structure
而不是遍布地板上的
rather than being a bunch of frames cut up
一堆结构碎片
and spread all over the floor.
肯认为所有的事件——包括量子事件
Ken believes that all events -- even quantum events --
都有一个明确的起始点和明确的终点
have a definite starting point and a definite ending point,
但在过程中发生的事件却不确定
but there is uncertainty in what happens in between.
逆向的因果关系使一切都顺理成章
The way to make sense of this is retrocausality,