与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E01

Part 3 April 19, 2021, 2:51 p.m.

最后创造了我们
and eventually us.
希格斯场的力的载体是希格斯玻色子
The force of the Higgs field is carried by the Higgs boson,
而玻色子的产生只能通过
and a boson can only be detected by creating
创造场中的一个能量扰动
an energy disturbance in the field.
制♥造♥出希格斯玻色子
Turns out the Higgs is actually
就在某种程度上决定了整个宇宙
determining the whole universe in some way,
所处的状态
what state it's in,
还有这些粒子存在的表现形式
and how these particles will manifest themselves.
那么如果我们使用像大型强子对撞机这样的加速器
So, if we take an accelerator like the LHC,
并提供足够的能量
and we provide enough energy,
然后将质子撞在一起
and we smash the protons together,
你就能够从杂乱的背景中
we can actually pull, if you like,
找出希格斯玻色子
a Higgs particle out of this fabric
并对其进行研究
and study it.
正如这些
Just like these glass balls
充满很多东西的玻璃球
are filled with a bunch of stuff,
在大型强子对撞机中碰撞的质子中
the protons that are smashed together at the LHC
也充斥着很多东西
are also filled with stuff --
比如夸克和胶子
particles called quarks and gluons.
当质子碰撞时
When protons collide,
上千个新粒子从中迸出
thousands of new particles come shooting out.
研究碰撞余波是个辛苦的工作
Studying the aftermath is a painstaking job,
就像从一大堆碎玻璃中筛出我们需要的
like sifting through piles of shattered glass.
我们在找的是特定的模式
We're looking for certain patterns.
能量、粒子和碎片残骸以多种方式
The energy, the particles, the debris
散布到检测器周围
is scattered around the detector in various ways,
对于一个希格斯玻色子，你就需要非常特定的模式
and for a Higgs, you have very specific patterns
这就依赖于它的衰退
depending on the decay that's involved.
但是上帝粒子赐予物理学家的是曲折
But the God particle has blessed physicists with a twist.
在能够辨认出它之前就已经消失了
It always vanishes before it can be spotted.
希格斯玻色子的衰退几乎是即时的
The Higgs decays almost instantly.
它的寿命极短，我们无法检测
Its lifetime is so short, we can't measure it.
这样我们就检测了它的衰退产物
And so, we detect it by its decay products.
为了检测希格斯玻色子，像乔这样的物理学家
To detect a Higgs, physicists like Joe
需要检查质子碰撞后的余波
have to look at the aftermath of proton collisions
来找出它存在的证据
to figure out what the original particles were.
如果乔能够分♥析♥
If Joe could analyze
这场玻璃球碰撞后的每一片残骸
each piece of debris in this glass collision
并计算出它们的抛射轨道
and calculate its trajectory,
他就能基于
he could reconstruct the crash
这些残留的部分重建碰撞
based on the remnants that came out of it.
我们看到的大多数的相互作用
Most of the interactions that we see,
都是直接产生了我们能够识别
they immediately create a pattern
但又不感兴趣的模式
that we recognize as not interesting,
我们就能将它们排除
and we can reject them.
迄今，我们已经排除了
So, we reject, by far,
碰撞的大部分痕迹
the vast majority of the collisions.
值得研究的产物唯有那些
The only collisions worth studying are when
质子完美对齐下的撞击
the components of the protons are perfectly aligned.
如果一个质子中的一个夸克同另一个质子中的
If a quark inside one proton makes a head-on impact
一个夸克迎头撞击
with a quark inside the other,
这样几乎所有的碰撞能量
then almost all the energy of the collision
集中于一个地方
is concentrated in one place.
这样就足够产生一个希格斯场的波动
This creates a strong enough ripple in the Higgs field
来产生一个希格斯玻色子
to make a Higgs boson.
但这样的撞击几乎从没发生过
But this type of collision almost never happens.
现在这些罕见事件，好吧——真的很罕见
Now, those are rare events, okay -- really rare.
那么大体来说
So, roughly speaking,
产生一个希格斯玻色子的概率是一万亿分之一
a Higgs production is almost one in a trillion.
自从大型强子对撞机启动以来
Since the LHC has been running,
已经进行了大约1千万亿次撞击
it has produced about 1,000 trillion collisions.
如果你有1千万亿个沙粒
If you had 1,000 trillion grains of sand,
你就能用它们填满一个奥林匹克规模的游泳池
you would fill an olympic-sized swimming pool.
但是只有几百个撞击
But only a few hundred of those collisions
可能会产生希格斯玻色子
might produce a Higgs.
几百粒沙子
A few hundred grains of sand
仅能盖住你的指尖
would just cover the tip of your finger.
这看起来像是不可能的任务
It is a seemingly impossible task,
但是震惊世界的是
but to the world's astonishment,
乔和上千名物理学家
Joe and thousands of other physicists
推♥翻♥了这种不可能
pulled off the unfathomable.
涉及其中的仅是非常少的痕迹
There's very few events involved,
我们能够追踪它从哪里来
and we can trace where this comes from.
2012年七月四日
On July 4, 2012,
乔有幸能宣布
Joe had the honor of announcing
在大型强子对撞机工作的团队向前迈了一大步
that the teams at the LHC had made a giant step forward.
他们检测到了一个新粒子
They had detected a new particle
重量在125到126兆电子伏
that weighed between 125 and 126 giga-electron volts,
符合对希格斯玻色子重量的预测
the predicted range of the mass of the Higgs.
因为这些结果现在由全球
...because these results are now global
和全人类所共享
and shared by all of mankind.
所以，非常感谢你们所有人
So, I thank you for that.
我的职业生涯中从没见过这样的情况
I've never seen anything like it in my career.
大家非常兴奋，人们都很高兴
There was a lot of excitement. People were very happy.
很难相信，这像是人们去看
It was just incredible, like going to
甲壳虫乐队什么的——每个人都很疯狂
see the Beatles or something -- everybody was crazy,
在物理研讨会中
and there was spontaneous applause
人们都会自发的鼓掌
at a physics seminar,
这种情况从未发生过，你知道吗
which never happens, you know?
这就像是等了几十年之后
It's like seeing the Beatles
才能看到甲壳虫乐队的音乐会一样
after waiting for it for decades.
对，是的，正是
Right, right. Exactly.
我希望这不是结束
It's, I hope, not the end,
这只是漫漫长路的一小步
but it is a little step in a long journey.
我们花了40年才走到这一步
It's taken us 40 years to get here.
不过我们现在向着我们对自然的了解
And we now have a marvelous step forward
走了了不起的一步
in our understanding of nature.
希格斯场和我们
The Higgs field is unlike
之前见过的都不一样
anything we've ever seen before.
希格斯场是我们无论去哪都要
The Higgs field is part of this fabric
与之相互作用的结构的一部分
that we're interacting with everywhere we go.
从这个角度，某种程度上我们
From it, we can, to some extent,
甚至可能去了解宇宙的进化
even possibly understand the evolution of the universe.
这是个意义深远的发现
It's a very profound finding.
这次发现被称为继爱因斯坦写下
It's being called the greatest scientific discovery
质能方程后的最大的科学发现
since Einstein wrote "e=mc squared."
一个伟大的艺术品正是那些
A great piece of art is something that,
可以永远存留的
you know, lasts forever.
一个新的科学发现或发展
A new scientific discovery or development
对人类进步的贡献是永久的
is something that contributes to humanity for all time.
这个粒子可以解释
The particle that could solve the riddle of our existence
我们的存在之谜
has been spotted.
那么我们接近了了解宇宙的最后一步么？
Are we closing in on a final understanding of the universe?
丹·霍普认为答案可能会更加复杂
Dan Hooper thinks the answer may be more complicated,
可能并不只有一种希格斯玻色子
that there may not be one Higgs boson
而是有五种
but five.
人们认为希格斯玻色子可以解释
The Higgs boson is supposed to explain
宇宙中所有物质的来源
where all the matter in the universe came from.
但在过去十年中，我们得知
But in the last decade, we've learned that
宇宙中大部分是由
most of our universe is made up of
称作暗物质的看不见的粒子组成
invisible particles called dark matter.
实际上暗物质比普通物质
In fact, there is five times more dark matter
多出了5倍
than ordinary matter.
现有理论预测希格斯玻色子的存在
The current theory that predicts the existence of the Higgs boson
无法解释这些奇特物质的存在
offers no explanation for this strange substance.
那希格斯玻色子具有隐藏的阴暗面么？
Could the Higgs have a hidden dark side?
理论物理学家丹·霍普
Theoretical physicist Dan Hooper
用去了他整个职业生涯在等待
has been waiting his whole career
希格斯玻色子
for the announcement that
的发现
the Higgs boson has been discovered.