与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E08

Part 5 April 19, 2021, 2:54 p.m.

And that would be a signature for extra dimensions,
这就很有可能为我们提供一个线索
and it would actually provide, possibly, a clue
用来解释引力发生了什么
for what's going on with gravity.
因为一些粒子可以穿梭于这个额外维度中
Because some particles can travel in this extra dimension,
而另一些则不能
and some particles cannot.
但如果你能进入这个维度
But if you could go off in that extra dimension
深入到某个地方
somewhere further away,
引力就会变得和其他力一样强
gravity becomes just as strong as the other forces.
物质在这个隐藏的真实中就会变得非常不同
Things would be very different in this hidden reality.
但首先发生的就是它们会变得更重
For one thing, they would be much heavier.
拿着这个篮球
Take this basketball.
让我们假设这就是个粒子
Let's pretend that it is a particle
它能够进入其他维度中
that can travel in the extra dimension.
如果我们所在的是另一个维度的某处
If it's here where we are, in that extra dimension,
我扔掉它，重力就会把它拉向地面
and I drop it, gravity pulls it to the ground,
地面则要足够强
and the floor is strong enough
才能把它弹回到我的手中
to push it back up into my hands.
但假设我们到了
But suppose that it then moves
这个维度中的其他地方
somewhere else in this extra dimension,
在这里引力指数级的增长
where gravity grows exponentially stronger.
在这里我扔掉球
If I drop it over there,
地面不够强
the floor wouldn't be strong enough at all...
篮球就会笔直的穿过地面
...and the ball would go straight through the ground,
砸向我们下面的建筑
crashing through the building below us.
我们回到日内瓦的大型强子对撞机
Back at the large hadron collider in Geneva,
粒子会被给予足够的能量相撞在一起
the beams will soon be smashing together with enough force
来证明这个引力-重量维度
to prove whether or not
是否的确存在
this gravity-heavy dimension actually exists.
大型强子对撞机也许会撼动正统理论
The LHC may shake up the orthodoxy
通过证明这些理论的对错
by proving these theories right or wrong.
我自己并不站在哪一边
I myself do not take sides.
我的工作就是找出到底有什么、
My job is to find out what is really there
到底没有什么
and what is really not there.
有很多不同的可能性
There are many different possibilities.
就像旧时候绘制地图，我们现在正在探索未知领域
Like the mapmakers of old, we are exploring terra incognita
试着绘制出自然界真实面貌的地图
and trying to draw new maps of the true nature of reality.
宇宙拥有的维度
The universe may have more dimensions
可能比我们已知的还要多
than the ones we know.
但还有另一种更为激进的可能
But there is another even more radical possibility.
如果宇宙的维度比我们认为的还要少呢？
What if there are fewer dimensions than we think?
如果真实比呈现给我们的还要简单呢？
What if there is less to reality than there appears to be?
我们生活在一个因果世界中
We live in a world of cause and effect.
宇宙似乎以可预测的方式运行
The universe appears to behave in predictable ways.
但当深入到亚原子水平时
But down deep, at the subatomic level,
现实发生了变化
reality shifts and changes.
我们已知的世界给量子的奇异性让了路
The world we know gives way to quantum strangeness,
在这里所有的现实同时发生
where all realities happen at once,
所有事件的结果都是不可知的
and the outcome of any event is unknowable.
一个物体能同时在两个地方吗？
Can an object be in two places at once?
物质会无中生有吗？
Can things appear out of thin air?
在我们生活的现实中当然不会
Not in the reality we live in.
但大自然有很多层面
But nature has many layers.
我们离得越近观察
And the closer we look,
我们发现真实就越破碎
the more we find reality as we know it breaks down
魔术也成了真实的了
and magic is real.
好了，朋友们，一个神奇的戏法
Okay, guys. An amazing sleight of hand.
看着硬币，猜猜在哪个手里
Just follow the coin, guess the hand.
准备好了吗？
You ready?
好吧，再来一次
Do this one again to see...
戴维·汤并不是职业魔术师
David Tong is not a professional magician.
他是位理论物理学家
He's a theoretical physicist
就职于剑桥大学的数学科学中心
at Cambridge university centre for mathematical sciences,
在这里他研究量子世界中的魔术
where he studies the magic of the quantum world.
好的，在我看来，我可以说
Okay, in my defense, I could argue
这就是量子不确定性的例子
that this is just an example of quantum uncertainty.
对于像电子这样的粒子
For particles like electrons,
你绝对无法知道
you never know where they're gonna be
它们在下一分钟后到达哪里
from one minute to the next.
事实上
In fact,
当你到达真实的基础水平时
by the time you go down to the fundamental level of reality,
你会发现一切都只是幻象
it looks like everything is something of an illusion.
在亚原子世界，即已知现实的最小程度
In the subatomic world, at the smallest known level of reality,
像电子这样的粒子并不遵守常识法则
particles like electrons don't obey the laws of common sense.
它们遵从量子力学法则
They obey the laws of quantum mechanics.
在量子世界中
In the quantum world,
一个粒子的性质似乎
the properties that a particle seems to have
依赖于你对其做的实验
depends on the experiment you do.
你可以测量一个粒子的位置
You can measure the position of a particle
正如你希望的那样准确
with as much accuracy as you like,
或者你也能测量它的速度
or you can measure its speed,
但你不能同时测量位置和速度
but you can't measure both at the same time.
同样的，一个电子可以以粒子或波的形式出现
Similarly, an electron can appear as a particle or a wave,
但不可能两种形式同时出现
but never as both at the same time.
量子物体非常模糊，就像影子的边缘
Quantum objects are fuzzy, like the edges of shadows.
这虽然讲不通，但的确是大自然
It doesn't make sense, but this really is the way nature works
在最基本层面上运行方式
at the most fundamental level.
量子力学无非是我们发展出的
Quantum mechanics is simply the best scientific theory
最好的科学理论
that we've ever developed.
它加深了我们对于宇宙万物的理解
It underpins everything we understand about the universe.
也从来没有证据表明它是错的
It's never been found to be wrong.
但这给我们带来了什么？
But where does this leave us?
什么才是真正的真实？
What is the true reality?
量子力学中流行的理论表明
The prevailing theory of quantum mechanics
我们永远无法知道真♥相♥
suggests we will never know
因为我们不能以绝对的确定性
because we can never measure all of the properties
测量量子物体的性质
of quantum objects with absolute certainty.
这有点像柏拉图洞穴的故事
It's like the story of Plato's cave.
两千年前，古希腊哲学家柏拉图认为
2,000 years ago, the Greek philosopher Plato suggested
我们永远不能了解真实的真正意义
that we could never understand the true meaning of reality.
他认为我们像是小小的囚犯
He said we were a little like prisoners,
被锁链困在洞穴之中，被迫看着后墙
chained in a cave and forced to look at the back wall.
而在这些囚犯背后
Behind the prisoners,
有一个遥远的火堆将他们的影子投向墙壁
there is a distant fire which throws shadows over them,
这些影子反应的生命就在墙壁影像的后面
shadows of the life that's going on behind the prisoners.
但这些囚犯不可能看到真实的生命
But they never get to see that life.
他们能看到的只是影子
All they see are the shadows.
这么看了一会儿之后
And after a while,
他们认为真实实际上就是二维的影像
they think reality is some two-dimensional dancing image.
他们没有办法转身
They've got no way of ever turning around
来看他们身后美丽多彩的
and seeing this beautiful, colorful three-dimensional world
三维世界
behind them.
现在，这与量子力学有些类似
Now, this is a little bit like quantum mechanics.
我们不可能了解
We can never understand everything
量子波的一切
about the quantum wave.
我们不能测量
We can never measure all of the information
其中包含的所有信息
which is contained in it.
我们能看到的都只是投影
All we can see are projections,
就像真实的影子
like the shadows of the true reality.
但是戴维认为真♥相♥也许比这个还要奇怪
But David says the truth may be even stranger than that.
墙壁上的影子可能才是真实
The shadows on the wall may be the true reality.
这是关于全息原理的争论
This is the contention of the holographic principle.
数学家尝试计算
Mathematicians attempted to calculate
能够塞入黑洞的信息量
the amount of information you can cram into a black hole.
他们发现这些信息量
They realized the amount is proportional
与黑洞的表面区域成比例，而不是黑洞的体积
to its surface area, not to its volume.
假如黑洞真的是这样
And if this is true for a black hole,
他们推断，空间中的任何区域都有可能这样
they reasoned, it's probably true for any region in space.
现在我们有可能就在一个巨型黑洞之中
Right now, we could all be inside a huge black hole
只是我们不知道
and not even know it.
现实也许的确只是二维的
Reality may actually be two-dimensional.
想象一下，宇宙万物都是信息