与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E03

Part 2 April 19, 2021, 2:52 p.m.

你能否——比如你拥有
Could you -- if you had, like,
远比现在更为先进的技术
much more advanced technology than what we've got,
这样能否挽救地球呢？
would it be possible to save the earth?
如何以最优雅的方式成功完成这项任务？
And how would you pull it off in the most elegant way?
格雷戈认为他已经知道
Greg thinks he's figured out how to
如何让地球胜过太阳的死亡引力
win back the earth from the death grip of the sun.
这是个需要极端耐心的游戏
It's a game plan of extreme patience
而且还要极端精确
and even more extreme precision.
这是地球的模型
So, here's a model of the earth,
如果这代表了
and if this represents
地球相对太阳
the earth's current position
现有的位置
relative to the sun,
随着天空中太阳的膨胀
as the sun expands in the sky,
我们就需要某些手段
we're gonna need to somehow
使地球距离太阳更远
move the earth further from the sun
如果我们希望地球上的生命存活
if we want life on earth to survive.
为了移♥动♥我们这颗行星
To move our entire planet
到一个更凉爽的空间
to a cooler region of space,
格雷戈认为我们也许会用到一个基本力
Greg thinks we might employ a fundamental force of nature --
万有引力
gravitational attraction.
这块磁铁就是引力的很好的模型
This magnet is a good model for the force of gravity
因为它的磁力很弱
because it's fairly weak.
我就必须将这块磁铁放得离地球非常近
I have to bring this magnet really close to the earth
才能得到一些吸力作用
before I get any attractive effect.
格雷戈的计划就需要
Greg's plan calls for extracting
从小行星带中抽取一块60英里宽的石块
a 60-mile-wide rock from the asteroid belt
使它运动并与地球引力相互拦截
and sending it on an intercept course with earth.
它将会是完美的引力磁铁
It would be the perfect gravitational magnet.
那么如果我们要用这块小行星移♥动♥地球
So, if we're gonna use the asteroid to move the earth,
小行星对地球的引力就不能很强
the gravitational pull from the asteroid is not very strong.
我们就要每次都
We've got to, every single time,
非常接近地球
come in pretty close to the earth
并确实拉动地球
and really pull the earth
使地球移♥动♥到
to get the earth moving
一个更远的轨道上
so that it's at a farther orbit.
这个小行星要在太阳系中飞行数圈
The asteroid would fly laps around the solar system,
从外小行星带开始
beginning in the outer asteroid belt,
每一万年经过一次地球
swinging by earth every 10,000 years
然后再回去
and back again.
每次它的经过，都会轻轻地把我们
And each time it passes, it gently pulls us
拉离太阳仅30英里
a mere 30 Miles further away from the sun,
这样就可以让我们保持在完美的距离
keeping us at the perfect distance --
不会很冷，也不会太热
not too cold, not too hot.
但是获得挽救地球这种高额报酬
But for such a high reward as saving the planet,
同时也带给我们更高的风险
there's an even higher risk.
小行星接近地球飞来
As the asteroid comes in close to the earth,
速度会非常快
it's going really fast,
而绝对的你想要做的最后一件事
and the absolute last thing you want to do
就是小行星撞击地球
is to hit the earth with the asteroid.
这会使地球表面
That'll cause a complete sterilization
变成不毛之地
of the surface of the earth,
然后你就彻底把你想做的
and you've completely screwed up
给搞砸了
what you were trying to accomplish.
我们需要让这颗小行星贴近地球一百万次
We have to bring the asteroid by the earth a million times.
每次都必须要完美进行
Every single time, it has to work out perfectly.
每次小行星经过我们
Each time the asteroid passes us,
它会距离地球表面仅300英里
it must come within a mere 300 Miles of earth's surface.
在它旅程中的任一点
At any point in its journey,
与其他小行星或太空垃圾的碰撞
collisions with small asteroids or space debris
都会稍稍改变其路线
could slightly change its course
并让它撞向地球
and send it smashing into earth,
杀死所有的生命
annihilating all life.
这个始终存在的会摧毁地球的威胁
The ever-present threat of sterilizing our planet
使得格雷戈的计划成为具有风险的最后手段
makes Greg's scheme a risky last resort.
但是我们能否通过迁移走
But could we survive the death throes of the sun
来躲过太阳的垂死挣扎？
by moving out of the way?
这位美国宇航局的先驱认为我们可以重塑全世界
This NASA pioneer believes we can reshape entire worlds
使我们寒冷的红色邻居
and make the cold, red planet next door
成为我们的新家
our new home.
如果我们的家园被太阳毁灭
If our home is destroyed by the sun,
我们能去哪儿呢？
where will we go?
在太阳系中没有类似地球环境的地方
There is no place like earth in our solar system,
不过我们可以将另一个岩石行星
but could we take another rocky planet
变成一个新地球吗？
and transform it into a new earth?
我们能为人类建造一个新家吗？
Can we build a new home for humanity?
克里斯·麦凯被他的同事
Chris McKay is known to his peers
称作是美国宇航局的印第安纳琼斯
as the Indiana Jones of NASA.
但他并没有鞭子和软呢帽
But instead of a whip and a fedora,
他为他的冒险准备的是实际的工具
he brings more practical gear for his adventures...
无论是在南极洲冰冷的海水中
...whether in the freezing waters of Antarctica
还是戈壁滩的热砂荒野
or the blistering sands of the gobi desert.
我喜欢去到荒野之中
I like going out into the field
观察那些极端条件下的生命
and looking at the extremes of life,
看看在非常边缘的环境中生命会是什么样子
figuring out what it's like to live on the very edges.
这是一类小小的侦查问题
It's sort of a little detective problem.
生命能否在这种环境下生存？
Can life survive in this environment?
它们如何生存？它们都在做些什么？
How does it survive? What's it doing?
克里斯现在正着手一次新冒险
Chris is now embarking on a new adventure
来找出我们如何生存于极端的
to find out how we could survive in the extremes
完全陌生的外星环境
of a completely alien environment.
这个问题让他从加利福尼亚的家中
It's a quest that will take him from his home in California
来到了街边异国情调的温室
to an exotic greenhouse down the street.
在任何一个世界
On any world,
生命的存在，首先要有植物
for life to be present, there must be plants.
植物是生物圈的基础
Plants are the basis of a biosphere.
它们制♥造♥我们呼吸的氧气
They make the oxygen we breathe.
制♥造♥我们吃的食物
They make the food we eat.
那么如何使一个世界适合植物生长？
How to make a world suitable for plants?
和这个建筑物适合植物生长的方式一样
The same way this structure is suitable for plants.
这就是个温室
This is a greenhouse.
我们可以在另一个世界中制♥造♥温室效应
We can make a greenhouse effect on another world
通过在大气中加入温室气体
by putting greenhouse gases in their atmosphere.
克里斯认为威胁现在已经稳定的气候的
Chris believes that the same runaway greenhouse effect
温室效应会是
that is threatening climate stability today
在我们离开地球制♥造♥新家的
could be the very thing that builds us a new home
关键的东西
when we leave earth.
这里放的是两个罐子中的两个世界
What we have here is two worlds in a jar.
把他们想象成小小的
Think of these as little, tiny representations
整个行星
of an entire planet --
土壤、水、大气
soil, water, atmosphere.
就像一个真正的行星
Just like a real planet,
阳光照耀
the sun is shining down.
我这里有一些小的碳酸盐片剂
So, what I have here is little carbonate tablets.
如果我把这些片剂分成两半
If I take these tablets, break them in half,
放入这个瓶子里
and stick them in this bottle,
现在其中一个系统
one of these systems will now have
就有比另一个更多的二氧化碳
more carbon dioxide than the other.
尽管它们接受同样的热量
Even though it basks in the same heat,
但30分钟后，含有二氧化碳的瓶子的温度
after 30 minutes, the bottle with carbon dioxide
要比仅是空气的瓶子
ends up over seven degrees hotter
高了7度
than the bottle with just air.
这是因为温室气体，比如二氧化碳
That's because greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide,
保留了太阳的热量
retain heat from the sun.
克里斯认为正确的温室气体的配比
Chris believes that the right combinations of greenhouse gases
可以迅速加热冰冻荒凉的邻居
could rapidly warm the frozen wasteland next door --
火星，一个可以在地球烧焦之后
Mars, a planet that will survive
仍然存在的星球
even after earth is burnt to a crisp.
火星是一个寒冷干燥的地方
Mars is a cold, dry place.
列举一些数字，它会达到零下80华氏度
By the numbers, it's minus-80 fahrenheit.
6毫巴大气压
6 millibars atmospheric pressure,