与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E01

Part 4 April 19, 2021, 2:51 p.m.

我一直在我的电脑上
I was up streaming it on my laptop,
热切地等待结果
enthusiastically waiting for the results.
你等待某些东西如此之久
You wait for something this long,
当你等到的时候
and when it happens,
不论你认为自己准备的多么充分
no matter how prepared you think you should be for it to happen,
都仍会感到离奇
it seems surreal.
仍会觉得意外
It seems unexpected
不论之前如何的期待结果
no matter how expected it should have been.
希格斯玻色子被发现了
The Higgs has been found.
但是一个大谜团仍然存在
But a huge mystery still remains.
暗物质是什么？
What is dark matter?
宇宙学的一个最大问题
One of the biggest problems in cosmology
就是当我们用望远镜观看远方
is that when we look in telescopes at space,
我们发现只能看到物质总量中
we find that only a small fraction of the total matter
由像原子和其他已知物质组成的一小部分
is made up of things like atoms and other known material.
其中的大部分都是一类幻影物质
Most of it is some sort of elusive material
由于缺乏一个更好的名字，我们称之为暗物质
that, for lack of a better name, we just call dark matter.
半个世纪以来，对亚原子世界的探索
Half a century of exploring the subatomic world
揭示了一个组织结构
has revealed an organizing structure
被称作“粒子物理标准模型”
called the standard model of particle physics.
科学家发现了物质的12种基本粒子
Scientists have discovered 12 fundamental particles of matter,
费米子，均分在夸克和轻子中
the fermions, equally split among quarks and leptons.
有四种粒子传播力
There are four particles that transmit force
比如电和磁
like electricity and magnetism.
这些都是玻色子
These are the bosons.
接下来完成这幅图的是
And then, completing the picture,
一个非常奇特的玻色子，希格斯玻色子
is one very special boson, the Higgs boson.
但是标准模型并没有解释暗物质
But the standard model has no explanation for dark matter.
另外还有一个严重的缺陷
And it has another serious flaw.
粒子物理标准模型
One of the biggest problems with
其中一个最大的问题
the standard model of particle physics
就是所谓的“级列问题”
is something we call the hierarchy problem.
我们知道希格斯玻色子
We know that the Higgs boson
质量大约有126兆电子伏
has a mass of about 126 giga-electron volts or gev.
这是一个非常重的粒子，但是我们天真地
This is a heavy particle, but naively,
根据标准模型预想
we'd expect, according to the standard model,
希格斯玻色子会比这个还要重很多
that the Higgs should be much, much heavier than this.
但由于某种原因，它的质量很小
And for some reason, it's lighter.
希格斯玻色子有着重量问题
The Higgs has weight issues.
比如希格斯玻色子会把质量分给其他粒子
Just as the Higgs boson gives mass to other particles,
而其他的粒子会轮流
other particles, in turn,
给希格斯玻色子质量
contribute to the mass of the Higgs.
当物理学家计算希格斯玻色子可以
When physicists work out how big the Higgs should get
从其他粒子那里获得多少质量，他们的结果表明其重量
from these other particles, they come up with a weight
会比其本身重数十亿倍
billions of times heavier than it is.
科学家们只能敷衍这个数学问题
Scientists have had to fudge the math
来创立标准模型
to make the standard model work,
虽然他们知道有些东西错过了
fully knowing something is off.
为了解释这个问题
So, to explain this,
有些东西需要非常精确的互相抵消
something has to very precisely cancel one another
使希格斯玻色子的质量恢复到观测值
to restore the Higgs mass to its observed value.
当希格斯玻色子和暗物质给丹施加了太大压力时
When the Higgs and dark matter weigh too heavily on Dan,
他就抽身于物理放松精神
he takes a mental break from physics.
研究暗物质的他和他的叫做“会众”的乐队
The only dark matter he and his band, the Congregation,
演唱的则是受伤的心
sing about are broken hearts.
而丹却发现音乐规则
But Dan can't help but find parallels
和宇宙的规则有相通之处
between the rules of music and the rules of the universe.
很有趣的是许多我知道的物理学家
It's amazing how many physicists I know
也都是老练的音乐家
who are also accomplished musicians,
也许这之间是有关联的
and maybe there's reasons for that.
你在粒子物理中发现的规律
The patterns that you find in particle physics
常常和音乐理论中的规律
are oftentimes pretty similar to
有着非常相似的对称性
the kind of symmetries you can find in music theory.
丹认为自然界中存在某种规律
Dan believes there is a pattern in nature
可以解释希格斯玻色子较小的质量
that can solve the small mass of the Higgs
以及暗物质
and explain dark matter.
这正是一种对标准模型的修饰
It is an idea that modifies the standard model.
称作“超对称”（费米子与玻色子之间的对称性）
It's called supersymmetry.
寻找这么久
...looking for so long
但每次我试过
but each time that I've tried
对于每块物质
For every piece of matter,
每种费米粒子来说
every kind of fermionic particle,
都要有一个玻色子粒子
there has to be a bosonic particle,
作为力的载体
a force carrier.
光子需要光微子
So, the photon requires a photino,
电子需要选择器
the electron a selectron.
在音乐理论中
In music theory,
如果你弹奏大调音阶，比如C大调音阶
if you have a major scale like this "C" major scale...
而同样的音符通过不同的排序演奏
...those same notes have to make up an "A" minor scale
就是A小调音阶
if you just play them in a different order.
那么在一个超对称世界中
So, in a supersymmetric world,
你不能只有光子而没有光微子
you can't have a photon without a photino,
而在音乐理论中
and in our music theory,
不能只有大调音阶而没有小调音阶
you can't have a major scale without a minor scale.
根据超对称原理
According to supersymmetry,
我们观测到的粒子
the particles we have observed in nature
仅仅是整个图景中的一半
are only half of the picture.
一定互相存在大量的超对称粒子
There must be massive superpartners for each one.
这些超对称粒子中的一种可能就是暗物质
One of these superpartners might even be dark matter.
那么在大多数超对称理论中
So, in most supersymmetric theories,
最轻的新粒子会是
the lightest of the new particles you introduce
暗物质的最佳候选者
is a very nice candidate for dark matter.
在早期宇宙，还是非常热的时候
So, in the early universe, when the universe was very hot,
这些粒子的数量极为丰富
these particles would have been produced in copious numbers.
但大多数都会被毁掉，只有一点点会存留下来
Most of it would get destroyed, but a little bit would survive,
留下来的一点点可能形成了
and that little bit could make up
今日宇宙中的暗物质
all of the dark matter in our universe today.
根据丹的理论，如果对称是
According to Dan, if symmetries
我们宇宙的基本部分
are a fundamental part of our universe,
他们就能够找到希格斯玻色子真正的质量
they can set the Higgs at the correct mass.
如果超对称的确存在
If supersymmetry exists in nature,
那么每次得到一个粒子
then every contribution given
比如说一个电子
from a particle, like an electron,
就会又得到一个与之相反的
gets an opposite contribution
超对称粒子选择器
from its superpartner, the selectron,
这样它们是平衡的
and they balance.
它们在大部分地方都互相抵消
They cancel each other out for the most part,
留给我的是非常轻的希格斯玻色子
leaving us with a pretty light Higgs boson.
超对称解释了
Supersymmetry makes sense
标准模型无法解释的现象
where the standard model does not.
这就可以解释小质量的希格斯玻色子
It can explain the small mass of the Higgs
以及什么是暗物质
and what dark matter is.
这是这里有个陷阱
But there is a catch.
为了使超对称理论为真
In order for supersymmetry to be true,
就还需要不仅一种希格斯玻色子
there has to be not just one Higgs
而是5种
but five.
如果自然界真的具有超对称性质
If nature really is supersymmetric
而且只有一种希格斯玻色子
and there were only one Higgs boson,
这个理论就会存在
the theory would contain
我们称为“反常”的数学问题
mathematical problems we call anomalies.
就会存在许多悖论
It would contain paradoxes.
为了解决这些问题，就需要引入额外的希格斯玻色子
And to solve this, you need to introduce extra Higgs bosons.
如果欧洲粒子物理研究所能够发现第二个或第三个
If CERN were to discover a second or third
甚至第四个第五个希格斯玻色子
or fourth or fifth Higgs boson,
就可以有力的增加超对称的例子
it would strengthen the case for supersymmetry,
甚至我们不需要亲眼
even if we hadn't observed
观测到这些超对称粒子本身
those superparticle partners themselves yet.
如果要解释
If we are to explain the universe
我们已知的宇宙
as we already know it,
去了解暗物质如何会伴随着一般物质
to understand how dark matter lives alongside ordinary matter,