与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E06

Part 3 April 19, 2021, 2:53 p.m.

而我们在为大脑建模的过程中的问题
and the problem that we have in modeling the brain
就是要弄明白
is to try to understand what the relationship is
每个人♥大♥脑的特点和这些电影之间的关系
between each individual point in this brain and these movies.
但当他们编译了大脑对几千个影像画面反应的
But as they compiled thousands of scans of brains
上千份脑部扫描时
reacting to thousands of frames of video,
杰克和他的研究小组发现特定对象
Jack and his team found that certain objects
能够引发可预测的血流模式
trigger predictable patterns of blood flow,
他们便开始撰写
and they began to build
一个关于世界中各种物体的字典
a dictionary of objects in the world,
这些物体通过脑中特定的血流模式定义
defined as particular patterns of blood flow in the brain.
如果我们得到了这本“世界-脑”字典
And then once we have this world-brain dictionary,
我们就的确可以使用
we can actually take it,
可以进行某种逆向运算
and we can sort of run it backwards,
就能创造“脑-世界”字典
and we can create a brain-world dictionary.
为了测试这本字典
To test that dictionary,
他们把受试者送回功能磁共振成像
they send their test subjects back into the fMRI
让他们观看更多电影
to watch more movies,
但这次，他们无法预测到受试者看到的
except this time, they don't see what the subject sees.
杰克和他的小组就需要通过扫描脑部得到的数据
Jack and his team have to guess using only the raw data
和先进的计算机算法进行推测
from the brain scans and an advanced computer algorithm.
大概说来就是
So, there are probably, say,
大脑中有1万个点
10,000 points on the brain, 5,000,
而这个模型只用了5千个
that are being used in this model,
当你通过一张图片刺♥激♥大脑时，脑中的每个点
and each point in the brain has a predicted brain activity
就会产生可以预测的大脑活动
that it generates when you stick an image through it,
然后我们通过所有的
and then we aggregate information
1万个点来整合信息
across all those 10,000 points
来产生最准确的预测
to come up with the best prediction.
这是只有受试者才能看到的图像
This is the image that only the subject could see.
这些是电脑从脑-世界字典中
These are the top choices the computer selects
得到的首选
from the brain-world dictionary,
而这个则是平均混合的图像
and this is the composite average.
无论受试者在世界上看到了什么
No matter what the subject sees in the world,
脑-世界字典只能产生草稿
the brain-world dictionary can produce a rough copy.
但这种算法能做的
But this algorithm does more
不仅仅是猜测人们在看的图像
than just guess what images people are watching.
还能预测他们对于这些图像在思考什么
It can also guess what they are thinking about those images.
左边的是受试者看到的电影
Here on the left is the movie that the subjects saw,
右边你能看到2千个名词和动词
and on the right, you can see 2,000 nouns and verbs,
字体大小可以改变
and they change their size,
字体的大小表示此时其代表的
and the size of the word indicates the probability
影像中的概念的可能性大小
that that concept appeared in the video at that time.
你能看到这个词“说话”，“脸”，“女人”，“男人”
You can see here, it gets "Talk," "Face," "Woman," "Man."
还有这儿的“交谈”，“男人”
here, "Talking," "Man."
还有这里的“手”，“房♥间”，“脸”
you'll see, here's "Hand," "Room," "Face."
这是一个很复杂的场景
so, this is a complicated scene.
现在我们开始，我们转换到一张海洋的场景
Here we go. We switch to an ocean scene.
“云”，“天空”，“植物”，“威基基海滩”
"Clouds," "Sky," "Vegetation" "Waikiki,"
“水体”，“建筑”，“天空”，“人们行走”，“树木”
"Body of water," "Building," "Sky," "People walking," "Tree."
这些都是非常准确的语义学解码
these are all really very accurate semantic decodings.
杰克的小组已经建立了
Jack's team has built
一个具有2千个情感中立概念的字典
a dictionary of 2,000 emotionally neutral concepts
这些概念都是人们观看
that people might think
一系列视频时可能会想到的
when they watch their series of videos.
校正他们的设备来解码更多的个性化含义
Calibrating their computers to decode more personal meaning
只是时间问题
is only a matter of time
而且还要提高脑部扫描的细节程度
and increasing the level of detail in the brain scans.
我们一直都在惊讶于
We're constantly surprised
到底我们能够恢复多少信息
by how much information we can recover,
更何况我们现有的
especially given
从大脑中获得信息的测量方式
that the measurements we're taking of the brain
还非常非常简单
are still, at this point, really, really primitive.
这一点让我觉得这个领域非常让人兴奋
That's one thing that I think is really exciting about this field
也非常有趣
and really interesting,
但我也认为这引发了一个警示
and I also think it raises a caution flag
我们应该尽早解决这些
that I think we're gonna have to deal with these ethical issues
涉及到大脑解码的伦理问题
involving brain decoding sooner rather than later,
因为我们不知道
because we don't know
这项技术会进步得多快
how fast this technology's gonna progress,
这就会引发一个重要的伦理问题
and that opens up a big ethical can of worms.
这项技术何时才可使用？
You know, when is that gonna be used?
而且能够用来做什么？
And what can it be used for?
我认为这些都需要尽快处理
And I really think this needs to get addressed right away.
大脑黑客也许很快就能够破译你的所有思维
Brain hackers may soon be able to read your every thought.
然后呢？
What then?
如果你的思维可以被解码，那可以被篡改吗？
If your thoughts can be decoded, could they be altered?
这位神经科学家兼企业家
This neuroscientist and entrepreneur
正通过一个设备推动
is pushing the boundaries of brain manipulation
操纵大脑的边界
with a device
这个设备可以在一天之内将业余变成专家
that could turn amateurs into experts in a single day.
我们都希望自己变得很伟大
We'd all love to be truly great at something --
像爱因斯坦这样的物理学家
Maybe a physicist like Einstein
或是像毕加索这样的艺术家
or an artist like Picasso
或是像纳尔逊·曼德拉这样的伟大领导者
or a great leader like Nelson mandela.
大多数人都不得不接受
Most of us have to settle
自己这种简单的身份
for simply good instead of incredible,
但如果我们能够通过一些入侵思维的软件
but what if we could change that by hacking our mental software
改变我们，赋予我们
and giving ourselves capabilities
尚未与生俱来的能力呢？
we weren't born with?
克里斯·拜尔考是一名神经科学家、工程师、发明家
Chris Berka is a neuroscientist, engineer, inventor,
另外还是一家神经网络技术公♥司♥的CEO
and C.E.O. of a neurotech startup company.
这样的工作量可能会压垮大多数人
It's a workload that would crush most of us,
但是她通过让自己的大脑进入
but she handles it by getting into
高性能高输出的状态进行工作
a high-performance, high-output brain state.
这就是运动员称之为的“集中状态”
It's what athletes call "The zone."
进入集中状态
Being in the zone,
基本上就是集中注意力
it's essentially just focused attention
以及保持不会分心的能力
and the ability to not be distracted.
这就允许你将任何技能都完美表现
It's what allows you to really develop perfection in any skill.
克里斯对于集中状态一直非常着迷
Getting into the zone is a full-time obsession for Chris.
她的公♥司♥正在开♥发♥一种设备
Her company is developing a device
她声称可以训练你的大脑
that she claims can train your brain
像熟练的专家一样工作
to work like the brain of a highly-skilled expert.
克里斯·斯克林克
Chris Oosterlinck
是加州的射箭冠军
is a California state archery champion.
他头上缠着一个带子
He has a small band around his head
上面有四个传感器
that has four sensors
用来检测大脑电♥信♥♥号♥♥活动
for sensing the brain's electrical activity.
我们想要找到
We're gonna be looking for the particular state
可以引发
leading up to the shot
最好表现的特定状态
that we know is the peak performance state.
克里斯，准备好开始了吗？
So, Chris, do you want to get ready and go?
克里斯的大脑中，数十亿个神经元正在激发
Inside Chris' brain, billions of neurons are firing,
产生多股电流
creating waves of electricity.
不同的思维状态有着不同的电波频率
Different states of mind have different frequencies of waves.
当人们处于集中状态时，有两种频率占主导
When people are in the zone, two frequencies dominate --
α波
Alpha waves,
代表一种思考的专注度
which indicate a state of meditative concentration,
就像那些禅宗大♥师♥一样
like those of a zen master,
另外一个是低频的θ波，代表了最大程度的放松
and lower-frequency theta waves, which show extreme relaxation.
红线表示脑电图的θ波
The red line indicates the e.E.G. Theta activity,
绿线代表α波
and the green line indicates the Alpha activity,
我们看到α波和θ波在
and we see both of those Alpha and theta increase
一次完美射击前都变得活跃
just prior to taking the perfect shot.
克里斯带来了一组业余选手
Chris brings in a group of amateurs.
她想要看看如果
She wants to see what will happen
这些业余选手具备职业射手的大脑状态时
if she coaxes the amateurs to take their shots
会发挥什么样的射箭水平
while in the same brain state as a professional archer.
我们正在做的是
So, what we're doing is
监控你们大脑的脑电活动
monitoring the brain's electrical activity.