与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S04E01

Part 6 April 19, 2021, 2:51 p.m.

汉斯·克里斯蒂安·安徒生
of the famous children's story author
的出生地
Hans Christian Andersen.
我们就在安徒生居住地的附近
So, we are in the Hans Christian Andersen neighborhood.
他在这里出生
He was born here,
他描绘了很多这样的街道
and he has drawn a lot from these streets.
就像你看到的
As you can see,
这就像是故事书中的一页
it looks like taken by a page from a storybook.
但不同于这个童话般的小镇
But unlike this fairy-tale town,
我们对于
our understanding
宇宙的基本组成单位的了解
of the fundamental building blocks of the universe
并不是完美无缺的
is not picture-perfect.
标准模型
The standard model
认为希格斯玻色子是基本粒子
regards the Higgs boson as a fundamental particle,
但是弗朗西斯科的想象力驱使他看得更远
but Francesco's imagination is driving him to look further,
看他能否看到希格斯玻色子的内部
to see if he can peer inside the Higgs.
根据标准模型
According to the standard model,
希格斯玻色子是一种基本粒子
the Higgs is a fundamental particle.
这表明它不会被再分
It means it's not made of something else.
那么看这面墙，是白的
So, look at this wall. It's white.
但实际上是有三种不同的光
But the truth is that there are three different lights
组合在一起显现出白色
combined together making this white.
那么如果我把我手
In fact, see what happen
放在墙面前会发生什么
if I put my hand in front of the wall.
我可以把它分解为三种不同的颜色
I can resolve there's three different colors,
绿、蓝、红
the green, the blue, and the red.
它们共同形成了白光
Together, they form the white light.
就像白光
Just as a white light
实际上由三种不同颜色的光组成
is actually made up of three different colors,
弗朗西斯科在想希格斯玻色子
Francesco wondered if the Higgs
是否由不同种类的粒子组成
is made up of several different particles.
这就说明了希格斯玻色子
This would mean the Higgs
并不是所有物质存在的根基
is not a fundamental root of all matter.
他和许多同事认为
He and many of his colleagues think
希格斯玻色子自身就被一种新的自然力控制
the Higgs itself is governed by a new force of nature,
他们称这种力为人工色力
something they call the technicolor force.
如果你要深入到希格斯玻色子内部
If you look deep inside the Higgs,
你会发现它由其他东西组成
you will find it's made of something else.
弗朗西斯科认为
Francesco believes
希格斯玻色子用新节奏在跳舞
the Higgs boson dances to a new tempo.
把这些乐高玩具块当做普通夸克
Imagine these Lego bricks are ordinary quarks
这块板就是胶子代表的力（强核力）
and this board is the force of the gluons
可以将它们组合在一起
that holds them together.
为了制♥作♥一个质子，我们要三个夸克
To make a proton, we need three quarks.
根据人工色原理
According to the technicolor theory,
希格斯玻色子都是一样的
the Higgs is just the same,
但是由不同种类的夸克组成
but it is made up of different types of quarks --
人工夸克
techniquarks.
人工夸克由一种新的力
The techniquarks are held together
组合在一起，就是人工♥力♥
by a new force, a techniforce.
它们相互作用产生的能量
And the energy that comes from the interactions
自发的为希格斯粒子提供质量
also automatically provides the mass of the Higgs.
物理学家知道
Physicists know
普通夸克的不同排列
ordinary quarks in different arrangements
创造了不同粒子
make different particles.
一种排列是质子
One arrangement is a proton.
另一种排列就是中子
Another arrangement is a neutron.
人工夸克的工作方式也相同
Techniquarks work the same way.
一种方式排列，你就得到了希格斯玻色子
Arrange them one way, and you get a Higgs.
另将人工夸克用另一种方式排列
But arrange those techniquarks another way,
你就会得到一些别的
and you get something else
科学家正在寻找的东西
scientists have been looking for,
暗物质粒子
a dark-matter particle.
这真的很像乐高玩具
So, it's really like a Lego brick.
你把它们放在一起
You put them together,
一种形式你得到了希格斯玻色子
and in one form, you get the Higgs.
另一种形式你能得到暗物质
And in another form, you can get the dark matter.
或许标准模型中希格斯玻色子
Perhaps the reason the standard-model Higgs
不能解释暗物质的原因
can't explain dark matter
是因为希格斯玻色子是变相的暗物质
is because the Higgs is dark matter in disguise
不同形式的粒子的结合则通过
and both particles are held together
人工♥力♥
by the techniforce.
这将会是一种新的自然力
There will be definitely a new force of nature,
这对于人类来说是一个奇妙的机遇
so it will be fantastic opportunity for mankind
来面对一个新的力
to face a new force.
人工夸克可以通过多种方式结合起来
Techniquarks could be glued together in many ways,
创造出几种新式粒子
constructing several brand-new particles.
这些粒子还正等待大型强子对撞机的发现
Those particles could be waiting to be discovered at the LHC
不过这要等到2015年重新以更高能量启动后了
when it comes back online at much higher energies in 2015.
弗朗西斯科希望最近发现的希格斯玻色子
Francesco hopes that the Higgs boson recently discovered
是第一候选者
is the first candidate.
我们总会一无所知
We just won't know it
直到我们有足够的力量将其撞开
until we have enough power to crack it open.
我觉得这是人类的责任
I think it's the duty of human beings
来了解什么在我身边以及什么造就了我们
to understand what is around us and what makes us.
我认为这的确是一个很神奇的机遇
I think this is really a fantastic opportunity
来把科学的边界推到如此程度
to push the boundaries of science to that degree.
那么所谓的上帝粒子
Does the so-called God particle
真的有多个方面吗？
have multiple faces?
或许希格斯玻色子并没有我们认为的那么万能
Perhaps the Higgs is not as almighty as we thought.
我们还有更多的离奇古怪的想法
But there are much more mind-bending ideas.
或许让我们存在的东西
What makes us exist
可能完全就不存在
could be objects that don't really exist at all.
当我们仰望夜空
When we look up at the night sky,
月亮凝视着我们
our moon peers down at us.
它似乎神奇的悬挂在稀薄的空气中
It seem to be magically suspended in thin air,
即使我们知道它是由重力
even though we know it's being held in place
保持在天空中的
by the force of gravity.
那如果宇宙中所有的物质
What if all matter in the universe
都被一些别的东西锚定在那里呢
is actually being anchored by something else,
一些比重力更陌生
something far stranger than gravity
比上帝粒子更奇异的东西？
and far stranger than the God particle?
哈佛大学的哈沃德·乔吉
Howard Georgi from Harvard University
大半生都是一名粒子物理学家
has been a particle physicist for most of his life.
但是最近，他的事业发生了转变
But recently, he has made a career change.
他现在是一位非粒子物理学家
He is now an unparticle physicist.
我一直试图思考
I was trying to think about
在大型强子对撞机中得到的结果其实是很不同寻常的
what the LHC might see that was really unusual,
我想到是否大型强子对撞机中
and it occurred to me that whether there was something
表现出来的完全不是粒子
that might show up at the LHC that was not particles at all.
这就是我作为非粒子物理学家
That was the beginning of my career
为事业的开端
as an unparticle physicist.
就像很多物理学家一样
Like many physicists,
哈沃德一直在修正标准模型
Howard has been trying to fix the standard model
并创立一些新理论
and come up with new theories.
当他正在计算他的等式时
While working on his equations,
他注意到了一些让人茫然的计算
he noticed some puzzling calculations.
物理学中，像光子这样无质量的粒子
In physics, massless particles like photons
在数学中以负整数表现
show up in math as negative whole numbers.
哈沃德从他的等式中得到的负数
Howard's equations were giving him negative numbers,
但是它们不是整数
but they weren't whole numbers.
它们只是负分数
They were negative fractions.
你这样分♥析♥
You do this analysis,
就会得到2又1/2的无质量粒子
and you might get 2 1/2 massless particles.
然后，你抓着头说
And then, you scratch your head and say,
“什么？发生了什么？”
"What? What is going on?"
哈沃德知道这些一半的分数
Howard knew these half numbers
并不代表半个粒子
weren't half particles.
它们是一些新的东西，他称之为非粒子
They were something new. He called them unparticles.
有些事正在发生
There's something happening.
是一些物理学上的事
There's some physics,