了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S08E08

Part 3 Jan. 30, 2022, 2:59 p.m.

在它周围是一种气体，在黑洞周围运动
Around it is this a gas that is
moving around the black hole
温度高达数百万度
that's super heated
to millions of degrees.
视界望远镜
And what the event
horizon telescope
想要看到的是黑洞的阴影
is trying to see is
the shadow of a black hole.
人马座a星周围的高温气体发出的光
Narrator: Light from the hot gas
around sagittarius a-star
形成了这个巨大的阴影
frames the giant shadow.
它的直径可达9300万英里（约15000公里）
It could be up to
93 million miles across.
问题是人马座a星是如此遥远
Problem is sagittarius
a-star is so far away
以至于超大质量黑洞仍然难以被观测到
that the supermassive black hole
is still incredibly hard to see.
普莱特:人马座a星很大
Plait:
Sagittarius a-star is big,
但它距离我们有26000光年远
but it's
26,000 light-years away.
一光年是6万亿英里（约9.46万亿公里）
A single light-year
is 6 trillion miles.
所以这是一段很长的路
So this is a long, long walk.
尽管它很大
And even though it's big,
但这一距离使它的表面尺寸
that distance shrinks
its apparent size
缩小到天空中的一个小点
to just
a tiny little dot on the sky.
要看到这个小点
Narrator: To see the tiny dot,
我们需要一台地球大小的望远镜
we need a telescope
the size of the earth.
你怎么可能造出那样的东西？
How do you possibly do that?
这望远镜你造不出来，对吧？
You can't build
that telescope, right?
好吧，这里有个诀窍
Well, there's a trick.
你实际上有一些不同的望远镜
You actually get
a few different telescopes
你把它们分散在地球表面
and you spread them out
over the surface of the earth.
♪
多尔曼:当我们把所有这些像网一样组织在一起
doeleman: And when we had
all of these sites together,
我们最终能够拍摄到
we wind up being able
to take an image of something
非常非常小的东西的图像
that is really,
really impossibly small.
为了收集到足够的光线来观测这么小的目标
Narrator: To gather enough light
to see a target this small,
该团队拍摄了人马座a星阴影的
the team take
long-exposure images
长时间曝光图像……
of sagittarius a-star's
shadow...
……但有一个问题
...But there's a problem.
吸积盘移♥动♥太厉害，我们捕捉不到
The accretion disk moves
too much for us
清晰的图像
to capture a clear image.
当你对一个人进行长时间的曝光时
When you're taking
a long exposure of a person,
你需要他们非常非常静止
right,
you need them to be really,
对吧？
really still, right?
因为如果它们来回移♥动♥
Because if they're moving around
a lot,
图像就会变得模糊
they're going to blur
the image out.
当我们观察人马座a星的时候
And that kind of thing
is happening
就会发生这样的事情
when we observe
sagittarius a-star
因为它不愿意为我们而静♥坐♥
because it is unwilling
to sit still for us.
它在以小时为单位的时间尺度上
It is booming and banging
and flashing
轰轰烈烈，闪闪发光
on the timescale
of literally hours.
随着发光物质以光速的30%
Narrator: As glowing material
orbits the black hole
绕黑洞旋转
at 30% the speed of light,
人马座a星的阴影变得模糊
sagittarius a-star's
shadow blurs.
未来技术的发展可能会让我们
Future developments may allow us
清楚地看到人马座a星
to see sagittarius a-star
clearly.
目前，我们还不能准确捕捉到
For now, we can't capture
an accurate image
银河系超大质量黑洞的图像
of our galaxy's
supermassive black hole.
但是寻找超大质量黑洞的工作
But the hunt to see
a supermassive black hole
还没有结束
wasn't over.
视界望远镜转向了另一个
The event horizon telescope
turned to another galaxy
5400万光年远的星系——m87
54 million
light-years away -- m87.
M87 绝对是星系中的怪兽
M87 is an absolute beast
of a galaxy.
它是被称为最亮的星团星系
It's the so-called
brightest cluster galaxy.
它们是宇宙中最大的星系之一
These are among the largest
galaxies in the universe.
m87 星系是另一个
Narrator: And m87 is home
超大质量黑洞的家——
to another supermassive
black hole --
巨大的M87星

the giant m87 star.
M87星的质量如此之大
M87 star is so massive
that the gravitational region
以至于它那有趣的引力区域实际上
that's interesting
is actually easier to image
比我们银河系中的黑洞更容易成像
than the black hole
in our own galaxy.
M87星的质量是人马座a星的
Narrator: M87 star is over
a thousand times more massive
1000多倍
than sagittarius a-star
并且有一个大得多的吸积盘
and has a far
larger accretion disk.
当拍摄黑洞时，大小很重要
When photographing a black hole,
size matters,
因为大的吸积盘会发出更稳定的光
because big accretion disks
project more stable light,
所以它们的图像不会那么模糊
so images of them
don't blur as much.
2019年4月
In April of 2019,
视界团队公布了他们的图像
the event horizon team
unveiled their image.
我们看到了我们认为不可能看到的东西
We have seen what we thought
was unseeable.
我们已经看到并拍摄了一张黑洞的照片
We have seen and taken a picture
of a black hole.
[掌声]
[ applause ]
♪
我已经为这个项目
I've been working
on this project
工作了将近六年，所以，这是我们
for almost six years now,
and so, this is something
期待了很长一段时间的事情
we've been looking forward to
for a really long time.
拍摄这张照片花了世界各地
Narrator: Capturing this image
took decades of work
数百名科学家几十年的时间
by hundreds of scientists
all over the world.
盖利森:我真的惊呆了
Galison: I was really stunned.
突然间，当你说这是真的，那是令人惊讶的
Suddenly, when you say that's
the real thing, that's amazing.
这真的影响了我
It really affected me.
这大约是太阳质量的
This is something
6 1/2 billion times
65亿倍
the mass of the sun,
5500万光年远，我们正在观察它
55 million light-years away
and we're looking at it.
特伦布雷:所以当你看图像的时候，一切都很好
Tremblay: So when you look at
the image, it's totally fine.
你的想法完全可以原谅
You're totally forgiven
for thinking,
“艾，它看起来有点模糊”
"ah, it looks a little blurry."
但我再怎么强调这张照片的意义
but I cannot reiterate enough
有多么的深刻都不为过
how profound
this image actually is.
在并不连续的时空结构上
We are seeing just a hair's
width away from a discontinuity
我们看到的只是一根头发的宽度
in the fabric
of space-time itself.
如此接近真实的视界
Actually seeing so close
to an actual event horizon,
一个时空结构中的不连续点
a discontinuity in the fabric
of space-time,