了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S08E06

Part 8 Jan. 30, 2022, 2:58 p.m.

这种热度一直持续到今天
a heat that
remains to this day,
被埋在数千英里的绝缘气体之下
buried under thousands of miles
of insulating gas.
随着热量慢慢向外泄露
As the heat slowly leaks
outward,
木星快速旋转的大气层
jupiter's fast-rotating
atmosphere
就会产生恶性气旋和雷暴
creates vicious cyclones
and thunderstorms.
这就是天气变化的真正原因
And that's what's really
driving most of the weather.
不是太阳就是木星本身
It's not the sun.
It's jupiter itself.
当“朱诺号♥”在这颗行星上翱翔时
Narrator: And as juno soars
over the planet,
它揭示了另一个天气之谜
it reveals
another weather mystery.
探测器探测到每秒四次的
The craft detects bursts
of radio waves
无线电波爆发——
spiking up
to four times a second --
这是强烈闪电袭击的信♥号♥♥
the telltale sign
of ferocious lightning strikes.
云层在大气中移♥动♥
Clouds are moving around
in the atmosphere
积聚了电荷
and building up electric charge
并导致闪电形成
and causing bolts
of lightning to form,
我们实际上已经在“朱诺号♥”宇宙飞船上看到了这一点
and we've actually seen this
with the juno spacecraft.
这是比地球上大几个数量级的
These are mega storms
orders of magnitude bigger
特大风暴
than here on earth.
[雷声隆隆]
[ thunder crashes ]
“朱诺号♥”发现这些雷雨云
narrator: And juno finds there's
more to these thunderclouds
不仅仅是闪光——
than just flashes of light --
巨大的冰雹由水和氨组成
giant icy hailstones of water
and ammonia,
这种化学物质使木星的云
the chemical
which gives jupiter's clouds
呈现出橙色
their orange color.
在木星大气层的高处
High up
in jupiter's atmosphere,
氨气和水混合在一起
the ammonia is mixing
with the water,
它变成了一个液体球
and it becomes a liquid ball
开始在它周围聚集冰
that starts to collect ice
around it,
然后它会像冰雹一样落到木星大气层深处
and it will fall like hail does
deep into jupiter's atmosphere.
在地球上，冰雹落在地上然后融化
Narrator: On earth, hail falls
to the ground and melts,
但是在木星上，没有地面
but on jupiter,
there is no ground.
由于上升气流的作用
And it gets lifted
in the atmosphere
冰雹在大气中被抬升，然后有更多的冰
because of an updraft
and then more ice,
它变得更大，然后它再下降
and it builds bigger,
and then it falls down,
接着又被带回来
and then it gets
carried back up,
所以冰雹通常是多层形成的
and so hail is often
many layers being built.
这些冰球一层一层地生长，它们在
Narrator: These ice balls grow
layer by layer as they soar up
大气中上下翻飞
and down the atmosphere.
如果这些风暴是在地球上形成的
If they formed in storms
here on earth,
就会造成严重的破坏
they'd cause
some serious damage.
所以，如果你在木星周围飞行
So if you were buzzing around
jupiter
而且你就在风暴的附近
and you were near
where these storms were,
你可能会被上升或下降的冰雹击中
you might get hit by hail
coming up or going down.
这是整个太阳系中最猛烈
This is one of the most violent,
energetic atmospheres
能量最大的大气层之一
in the entire solar system.
“朱诺号♥”揭开了
Narrator:
Juno is revealing the secrets
木星隐藏了几十年的秘密
that jupiter has hidden
for decades,
包括木星的北极光
including the mystery
of jupiter's northern lights.
当“朱诺号♥”研究木星上
When juno studied the lights
来自极光的光线时
coming from the aurora
on jupiter,
它发现了一些非常奇怪的事情
it found that something
really weird is going on.
♪
♪
在地球上，耀眼的极光照亮了天空
narrator: On earth, dazzling
auroras light up the skies
来自太阳的带电粒子
as charged particles
from the sun
与大气层中的原子相互作用
interact with atoms high
in the atmosphere.
♪
木星位于太阳系外的深处，离太阳很太远
deep in the outer solar system,
jupiter is too far from the sun
因此强烈的极光无法以这种方式形成
for strong auroras
to form in this way,
但在木星两极上方的高空
but high above
the giant planet's poles,
“朱诺号♥”观测到了一场看似不可能的极光表演
juno spots a seemingly
impossible light show.
♪
木星的极光比我们在地球上
the auroras of jupiter
are tremendously larger
发现的极光要大得多
than the ones
that we find here on earth.
事实上，两极附近的极光环
In fact, the auroral rings
near the poles
比地球本身还要大
are bigger
than our planet itself.
木星的极光
Jupiter's auroras emit
主要发射紫外线和x射线
primarily ultraviolet
and x-ray light,
所以用肉眼是看不到的
so you can't see it
with the naked human eye,
但如果你能看到它们，并且你就在木星上
but if you could see them
and you were at jupiter,
那将是一场令人惊叹的光秀
that would be
an amazing light show
因为那些极光非常强烈
because those auroras
are strong.
这些极光显示是
Narrator:
These glowing displays are
带电粒子
evidence of charged particles
撞击木星大气层的证据
slamming into
jupiter's atmosphere.
但如果它们不是来自太阳
But if they're not coming
from the sun,
那它们是从哪里来？
where are they coming from?
为了寻找答案，“朱诺号♥”用它的紫外线成像光谱仪
Narrator: Hunting for an answer,
juno snaps an image
拍下了一张
of jupiter's southern lights
木星南极光的照片
with its ultraviolet
imaging spectrometer.
在极光内部，它瞥见了一些奇怪的东西
Inside the aurora,
it glimpses something strange.
当“朱诺号♥”研究了
When juno studied the lights
来自木星极光的光线
coming from the aurora
on jupiter,
它发现极光比预期的还要强烈
it found that they were
even stronger than expected,
事实上，如果你观察木星的两极时
and in fact,
when you look at
能用肉眼看不到的波长时
jupiter's poles in wavelengths
that our eyes can't see,
例如紫外线，你会看到一个热点
for example, ultraviolet,
you see a hot spot.
这个热点标志着
Narrator:
This hot spot marks the point
大量带电粒子撞击
where huge concentrations
of charged particles
木星大气层的地方
strike jupiter's atmosphere.
追踪它们的轨迹揭示了
Tracing their trajectory
reveals the culprit
木星耀眼光芒的罪魁祸首——
of jupiter's dazzling
light shows --
木星卫星上的火山
the volcanoes
of jupiter's moons.
♪
木星的卫星“伊娥”（即木卫一）上有数百座活火山
jupiter's moon, io has hundreds
of active volcanoes