了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S08E02

Part 3 Jan. 30, 2022, 2:58 p.m.

across the entire planet.
当风吹起这些尘土时
When the wind whips
up this dust,
会带来灾难性的后果
it can have
disastrous consequences.
兰扎:真正的问题是，所有这些细颗粒物
Lanza:
The real problem is just that
all these fine particles
被抛到大气中
get lofted into the atmosphere,
它们需要很长时间才能恢复正常
and it takes a really long time
for them to settle back out.
而灰尘所做的就是它升上天空
And what the dust does
is it just gets up in the sky
然后一直停在那里，一直停在那里
and it sits there
and sits there and sits there.
随着越来越多的物质被带到大气中
Narrator:
As more material gets lifted
into the atmosphere,
就会形成巨大的沙尘暴
it forms huge dust storms.
风暴是非常之大，它们挡住了阳光
The storms are so large
they block out the sunlight
并使火星表面降温……
and cool the martian surface...
……造成地面
...Creating
a temperature difference
和大气之间的温差
between the ground
and atmosphere
导致风增加，风暴也增加
that causes winds to increase
and the storms to grow.
NASA 的机遇号♥火星车
And nasa's opportunity
rover knows firsthand
对困在其中的危险有切身体会
the dangers of being
trapped in one.
“机遇号♥”是 NASA 发射到火星上的
Opportunity was a nasa rover
sent to mars
一个探测器，目的是寻找火星表面过去存在水的迹象
to hunt for signs of past water
on the surface
以及过去可能存在过生命的迹象
and potentially signs
of past life.
兰扎:这是一个我们研究了很长时间的探测器
Lanza:
This is a rover that we really
worked with so long,
我们对它非常了解
knew so well,
and who had come up with
它从火星上得出了很多惊人的新结果
so many amazing new results
from mars.
2018年6月
Narrator: June 2018.
“机遇号♥”已经执行了15年的任务……
Opportunity was
15 years into its mission...
……当巨大的尘雾出现在地平线上时
...When giant clouds of dust
appeared on the horizon.
NASA 只能看着风暴越来越大
Nasa could only watch
as the storm grew and grew.
一旦沙尘暴覆盖了整个星球
Once this dust storm coated
the entire planet,
它就挡住了太阳
it blocked the sun.
而太阳是机遇号♥的能量之源
And the sun was the source
of opportunity's power.
机遇号♥利用太阳能电池板工作
Opportunity works
using solar panels,
因此它得到的电力越来越少
and so it gradually got less
and less and less electricity.
对于机遇号♥，它没有办法逃脱
Narrator: For opportunity,
there was no escape.
在黑暗中迷失
Lost in the darkness,
机遇号♥的能量储备慢慢枯竭
opportunity's power reserves
slowly ran dry.
漫游者沉默了
The rover fell silent.
我们想，好吧，也许一旦沙尘暴散去
We thought, well, maybe
once the dust storm clears up
太阳能板就会再次燃烧起来，我们就能把它找回来
the panels can fire up again
and we can get it back,
但它就是没有苏醒过来
but it just never woke up.
如果 NASA 的宇航员真的到达了火星
Narrator: If nasa's astronauts
do make it to mars,
风暴可能会破坏更多的机组人员的电力供应
the storms could damage more
than the crew's power supply.
[雷击]
[ thunder crashes ]
当暴风雨开始袭来时，雷声啪嗒啪嗒地响着
when the storms begin to blow,
they crackle with electricity.
就像你可以通过在地毯上摩擦你的脚
Just like you can create
a static charge
或在头发上摩擦一个气球
by rubbing your foot
on the carpet
来产生静电一样
or a balloon on your hair,
这在火星上的沙尘暴中会大规模地发生
this happens at large scale
in these dust storms on mars.
沙粒相互摩擦
The sand grains rub up
against each other,
产生了静电
and that creates
a static charge.
所以就得到了这些电流
So you get these electrical
flows that occur.
杜尔达:在地球上，我们在火山喷发中
Durda:
Here on earth, we see this
in volcanic eruptions
看到的是火山灰,这些火山灰
as the dust,
the ash burbling out
从一次巨大的喷发中呼啸而出
of one of these huge eruptions.
你会在这些火山柱中看到闪电放电
You'll see lightning discharges
in those volcanic plumes
这是由同样的电荷转移造成的
from this same
charge transfer.
斯特里克:如果你在一个有大量静电放电的地方
Stricker:
If you're in a place with a
lot of electrostatic discharge,
那就意味着会产生火花
that means sparks
are going to fly,
这对手术器械来说是非常可怕的
which is really terrible
for operating instruments.
为了在火星上生存
Narrator: To survive on mars,
移♥民♥们需要一个保护性的庇护所
the settlers are going to need
a protective shelter.
在火星上生存的关键是保护——
The keyword to living
on mars is protection --
保护自己不受寒冷的影响
protection from the cold,
不受稀薄大气的影响
protection from the lack
of atmosphere,
不受太空辐射的影响
protection from the radiation
from space.
NASA 可以建造避难所
Narrator:
Nasa could build shelters,
但火星的历史为他们提供了一条捷径
but martian history
offers them a shortcut.
数百万年前
Millions of years ago,
火星上的火山喷发出大量熔岩
the planet's volcanoes
erupted huge amounts of lava.
拉德堡:但所幸的是
Radebaugh:
But the silver lining is that,
当熔岩流出时
as the lava was flowing away,
它是通过地下管道流出的
it did that
through underground tubes.
然后当熔岩流走后
And then as the lava
evacuated away,
留下了空的洞穴
it left behind empty caverns,
就像我们现在站的
just like this really
big lava tube
这个巨大的熔岩洞一样
that we're standing in
right now.
火星的重力是地球的三分之一
Narrator:
Martian gravity is a third
as strong as earth's
这要归功于这颗红色星球的质量较低
thanks to the red planet's
lower mass.
因此，当火星熔岩流到地下时
So when martian lava flows
underground,
它遇到的阻力更小
it meets less resistance
可以凿出巨大的洞穴系统
and can carve out
monstrous cave systems,
这是天然的宇航员庇护所
natural astronaut shelters
可以躲避沙尘暴
hidden away
from the dust storms.
如果你把它们密封起来，你可以用空气填充它们
If you actually then seal them,
you can fill them with air.
你住的地方真不错
You've got
a great place to live.
这些隧♥道♥是为人们准备的
These tunnels are ready-made
for people to move into.
我们已经有钥匙了
We already have the keys.
但熔岩洞可能并不是每个人心目中的
Narrator:
But a lava tube may not be
everyone's idea
甜蜜的家
of home sweet home.
因为它们是自然形成的
Because they're
a natural feature,
你不能选择它们在哪里
you can't pick and choose
where they are.
你必须去它们已经存在的地方
You have to go
to where they already exist.
建造他们自己的避难所
Narrator: