了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S08E01

Part 11 Jan. 30, 2022, 2:57 p.m.

of the asteroid's kinetic energy
进入水中
gets into the water.
普莱特:实际上制♥造♥这样的海啸
Plait: It's actually
pretty tough to make
是相当困难的
a tsunami like that.
小行星的能量并不能很好地与水结合
The energy of the asteroid
doesn't couple well
从而产生这种波浪
with the water
to drive this wave.
相反，大部分的能量
Instead, most of the energy
会蒸发掉小行星本体
goes into vaporizing
the asteroid itself
以及它周围所有的水
as well as all of the water
around it.
只有1%小行星的动能
Narrator: Only 1% of
the asteroid's kinetic energy
会产生波浪
goes into making a wave.
因此，只有低能量的波能形成，如果太弱
So only low energy waves form,
too weak to become
就不能成为传播数百英里的巨大海啸
giant tsunamis
traveling hundreds of miles.
那么，是什么导致了在离撞击地点
So what caused
the jumbled fossil deposits
数千英里的地方发现了杂乱的化石沉积物呢？
found thousands of miles away
from the impact site?
拉德鲍:我们不认为有那么多的能量
Radebaugh: We don't think there
could be that much energy
仍然传输到离撞击地点那么远的地方
still transmitted that far away
from the impact site.
相反，一定有一种不同的能量来源
Instead, there has to be
a different source of energy
在撞击发生的
that created different waves
同一时间产生了不同的波浪
right about the same time
as that impact event.
2019年的研究可能会给出答案
Narrator: Research from 2019
may have the answer.
k-pg 小行星撞击了大♥陆♥架
The kpg asteroid struck
on the continental shelf,
即陆地和深海之间的浅海区域
the shallow region between land
and deep ocean.
这次撞击引发了一场
The impact triggered a localized
tsunami large enough
足以杀死该地区生物的局部海啸
to kill creatures in the region.
但它也向基岩发射了巨大的冲击波
But it also sent a huge
shock wave into the bedrock.
会有一股冲击波
There's going to be
a shock wave driven
穿过地面
through the ground.
那可能会杀死这片区域的任何东西
That probably would have
killed anything in the area.
如果有一只恐龙正好站立在
If you had a dinosaur
that was standing on
现在美国的墨西哥湾沿岸
the gulf coast of what is now
the united states,
那只动物会经历一次地震脉冲
that animal would have
experienced a seismic pulse,
一次比我们现在任何震级
an earthquake that is stronger
than anything
都要强的地震
on our current richter scale.
地震会把它的腿震到它的体腔里
It would have actually driven
its legs up into its body cavity
并立即杀死它
killing it instantly.
此时此刻发生了各种各样的
There's all manner of mayhem
and death
伤害和死亡事件
taking place at this time.
这一事件是无法逃避的
There was no escaping
this event.
最初的冲击波
Narrator: The initial shock wave
smashed into the ground rock
撞击了地面岩石并穿过地壳
and traveled through
the earth's crust.
撞击会震动地球的地壳
The impact would have shaken
the crust of the earth,
也会在世界各地引发地震
which also would have triggered
earthquakes around the world,
而地震本身也可能引发二次萨拉米斯地震
which themselves may have
triggered secondary salamis.
距撞击地点数千英里远的次生海啸
Narrator: Secondary tsunamis
thousands of miles from
造成了陆地和海洋生物的死亡
the impact site killed both
land and sea creatures.
k-pg 的持续影响摧毁了地球上70%的生命
The kpg impact went on to wipe
out 70% of all life on earth.
那么，一次小行星撞击是如何造成全球死亡地带的呢？
So how did one asteroid
strike cause a global kill zone?
♪
♪
6600万年前，K-PG小行星撞击地球后
narrator: 66 million years ago,
70% of life on earth died
地球上70%的生命死亡
after the kpg asteroid strike.
一枚“太空火箭”坠入大海怎么会
How could one space rocket
hitting the sea cause
造成全球灾难呢？
a global catastrophe?
兰扎:当一块大石头撞击海洋时
Lanza: When you have a big rock
hitting the ocean,
最大的危险不是海浪
the biggest danger
is not from the waves
而是它产生的蒸汽
but actually from the steam
that it creates.
撞击蒸发了数万亿吨♥的海水
Narrator: The impact vaporized
trillions of tons of seawater.
这种蒸汽上升到大气中
This steam rose up
into the atmosphere
并在那里凝结成水蒸气
where it condensed
into water vapor.
水蒸气是一种温室气体
Water vapor is a greenhouse gas.
这就是进入高层大气的过程
So that's done going up
into the upper atmosphere,
它吸收了热量
and it's trapping heat,
但在不同的层上，它形成了云
but at different layers
it's making clouds.
这让一切都失去了平衡
It's just throwing
everything off kilter.
水是一种非常有效的温室气体
Water is a very effective
greenhouse gas as you
由于这种影响，你实际上
will actually affect some very
significant climate change
会很快影响一些非常重要的气候变化
very quickly
as a result of that impact.
在小行星撞击地球的几周内
Narrator: Within weeks
of the asteroid strike,
大气中的水蒸气导致温度上升
water vapor in the atmosphere
caused temperatures to rise.
但这仅仅是个开始
But that was only the start.
撞击还喷出了10万亿吨♥的岩石
The impact also blew out
10 trillion tons of rock,
火山灰和灰尘
ash, and dust.
这颗小行星太大了，有6英里（约9.6公里）宽
This asteroid is so big,
six miles wide.
它在空中打了个洞
It's punched a hole in the air.
就像一个低密度的柱，一个烟囱
There's like a column
of low density, a chimney,
从地面一直上升到大气层的顶端
that goes from the ground up to
the top of the atmosphere.
这意味着隧♥道♥里的空气阻力
And that means there's
very little air resistance
很小
in that tunnel.
这些岩石实际上可以爆♥炸♥进入烟囱
These rocks can actually
blast up into the chimney
从而更容易脱离大气层
and find it easier
to get up out of the atmosphere.
它使这些物质飞到
It sent that material
flying up halfway
月球轨道的一半，并绕着地球转形成一个环
to the orbit of the moon,
circled around the earth.
所有这些环中的物质都会落回地球
All this ring of material
falling back on to the earth.
就像天空本身着火了一样
And it was like the sky itself
was on fire.
兰扎:所以不仅会有石头掉到你身上
Lanza: So not only do you
have rocks falling on you,
而且它们是熔化的
but they're molten,
and these rocks
这些石头会让植物和其他东西着火
will start catching plants
and anything else on fire.
♪
烟灰升到大气中
narrator: Soot and ash rose
into the atmosphere
挡住了阳光
blocking out the sun.
物质被抛入大气层
Material was thrown
into the atmosphere,
使地球陷入核冬天
plunging the planet
into a nuclear winter.
当时一片混乱，黑暗持续了整整两年
It was complete chaos, and it
went dark for two full years.
没有阳光，气温下降
Narrator: Without sunlight,
temperatures dropped.
撞击发生几个月后，地球温度下降了20度
Just months after the impact,