了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S08E02

Part 2 Jan. 30, 2022, 2:58 p.m.

它每秒钟都在失去大气层
due to the solar wind.
所以，你懂的，再见了大气层
So, you know,
bye-bye atmosphere.
♪
在火星很少的大气环境下
narrator: With little martian
atmosphere to work with,
NASA 不得不创造性地
nasa had to be creative
to get its crewless landers
把无人的着陆器送到火星表面
to the martian surface.
♪
2012年，革命性的天空起重机
in 2012,
the revolutionary sky crane
使用降落伞和复古式火箭将好奇号♥着陆
landed the curiosity rover using
parachutes and retro rockets.
之前的任务使用降落伞和其他东西
Previous missions have used
both a parachute
比如在飞船周围
and something else
like a bouncy ball
充气的弹力球
<充气弹力球在电影《红色星球》中出现过>
inflated around the spacecraft.
♪
我不认为人类船员会很高兴
I don't think a human crew
is going to be too pleased
如果他们在一个安全气囊里弹到地面
if they're gonna be bouncing
onto the surface
然后停下来，对吧？
in an airbag,
rolling to a stop, right?
为了让人类登陆火星，NASA 需要一些新技巧
Narrator:
To land people on mars,
nasa will need some new tricks.
2020年的漫游者将通过先进的
The 2020 rover will overcome
the challenge with the advanced
超音速火星降落伞试验克服这一挑战
supersonic parachute inflation
research experiment,
简称 a.S.P.I.R.E.
a.S.P.I.R.E.
它将利用飞机喷气发动机的力量
It will rapidly
slow down the craft
使飞行器快速减速
with the force
of an airplane jet engine.
这对探测器来说很好
This is fine for the rover.
实际上没有任何问题
It's actually gonna work
no problem.
但这对人类来说是行不通的
But it's not going to work
for people.
人类着陆器的重量将
Narrator: A human lander
will weigh far more
远远超过2300磅的漫游者
than the 2,300-pound rover.
即使是超音速降落伞
Not even supersonic parachutes
也不能使宇航员在火星上安全着陆
could land a crew
safely on mars.
NASA 需要一个新的计划
Nasa will need a new plan.
一个想法是用一种独特的方式利用
One idea is to use
the thin martian atmosphere
火星稀薄的大气层
in a unique way.
有一种想法是快速进入大气层
There's an idea of coming
in really fast,
到达大气层的厚层
getting to the thick part
of the atmosphere,
然后水平地滑行
and then going horizontal
to the ground
这样就失去了动量
and gliding and losing
your momentum that way.
当宇航员降落的时候
Narrator:
As the astronauts descend,
他们倾斜着陆器的鼻子朝向火星表面
they tilt the nose of the lander
towards the martian surface
瞄准接近地面的大气
aiming for the thickest part
of the atmosphere
最厚的部分
close to the ground.
然后他们在最后一秒
Then they pull up
at the last second
通过大气摩擦力使飞船减速
using friction from the
atmosphere to slow the craft.
降落引擎打开，准备最后一次着陆
Descent engines switch on
for the final touchdown.
♪
拉德堡:这是个疯狂的想法吗？
radebaugh:
Is this a crazy idea?
我的意思是，嗯，这有点奇怪
I mean, yeah,
it's a little bit weird.
我不知道我们是否会认真考虑
I don't know if we'd really
think about it,
做这样的事
doing something like this,
但是，我的意思是，有时候得打破常规思考
but, I mean, you've got to think
outside the box sometimes.
现在，NASA 的登陆火星计划
Narrator:
Right now, nasa's plans
for landing a craft on mars
仍然只是在绘图板上
are still on the drawing board.
但是，即使他们能让宇航员登上火星表面
But even if they can
get astronauts onto the surface,
稀薄的大气层也不会让他们万事大吉
the thin atmosphere
isn't done with them yet.
这是会导致覆盖整个地表面的
It causes swirling
dust storms
旋转沙尘暴
that cover
the planet's entire surface.
奥卢塞伊:火星不仅仅有尘暴
Oluseyi: Mars doesn't just have
dust devils.
还有灰尘地狱
It has dust hell.
这些高耸的云层以前也曾造成过死亡
Narrator:
And these towering clouds
have killed before.
♪
如果 NASA 的宇航员按计划在2035年到达火星
narrator:
If nasa's astronauts arrive
on mars as planned, in 2035,
定居者将会发现这颗红色星球
the settlers will find
one of the red planet's
最大的挑战之一就是它的尘埃
biggest challenges is its dust.
它是有粘性的
It's sticky,
基本上，来自太阳的光
basically,
light from the sun
会给它一个静电荷
can give the stuff
a static charge
然后它会粘在东西上
and then it clings to stuff.
所以这不仅仅是，你懂的
So it's not just a matter
of, like, you know,
站在居住空间的外面的门垫上
standing on a doormat
outside your your space habitat
然后把它甩掉的问题
and shaking yourself off.
杜尔达:它会钻进你的太空服
Durda: It's gonna get
in your space suit.
它会覆盖你的面罩
It's gonna coat your visor.
它会覆盖你的太阳能电池板
It's going to cover
your solar panels.
普雷特:如果你把它弄进肺里，那可不是什么好事
Plait:
If you get it in your lungs,
it's not a good thing.
我们得想办法把这些东西清理干净
We have to figure out how to
clear this stuff out.
300英尺 [模糊的声音]
Man: 300 feet.
[ speaks indistinctly ]
在60年代和70年代
narrator:
Through the '60s and '70s,
阿波罗号♥的宇航员在月球上行走
apollo astronauts
walked on the moon.
当他们返回登陆舱时
When they returned
to their landing module,
带回了月球尘埃
they brought moon dust back
with them.
月球尘埃堵塞了密封件，导致设备过热
The lunar dust clogged seals,
caused equipment to overheat,
并导致仪器读数错误
and resulted
in false instrument readings.
它甚至使宇航员生病
It even made
the astronauts sick.
你不希望自己吸入细小的、充满灰尘的物质
You don't want to be breathing
in fine, dusty material
你可能会得矽肺病
by itself, you can get things
like silicosis.
你知道，这基本上是一种肺癌
It's, you know,
almost basically a lung cancer
你可能会因为吸入灰尘而患上这种疾病
that you can get just
from breathing the dust itself.
你不会想这么做的
You don't want to do that.
这颗红色的行星被粘性的灰尘覆盖
Narrator:
The red planet is covered
in sticky dust,
新的研究表明，它们都来自一个地方……
and new research suggests
it all came from one place...
……梅杜莎槽沟层
...The medusae fossae formation.
当这个600英里（约966公里）长的火山沉积
When the 600-mile-long
volcanic deposit formed
在30亿年前形成时
3 billion years ago,
它的面♥积♥大约是美国的一半
it was around half the size
of the united states,
但火星的风侵蚀了这个结构
but the martian winds
have eroded this structure
并将尘埃散布到整个星球
and spread the dust