了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S08E02

Part 4 Jan. 30, 2022, 2:58 p.m.

Building their own shelters
给了宇航员更多的选择
gives the astronauts
more choices,
他们可以在殖民者到来之前
and they can be built
by robots
由机器人建造
before the settlers even arrive.
普雷特:我们甚至可以运送3d打印机
Plait: And we could even send
3-d printers.
我说的是用石头做一些
I'm talking about something that
actually uses the rock there
像混凝土一样的东西
and makes something
like concrete,
它可以为我们建造居住的结构
and it could build structures
for us to live in.
即使有了庇护所，移♥民♥们
Narrator: Even with shelters,
the settlers will still need
仍然需要吃饭、呼吸和饮水
to eat, breathe, and drink.
但是火星上没有食物，没有可呼吸的氧气
But there is no food,
no breathable oxygen,
也没有液态水
and no liquid water on mars.
所以尽管火星是相比地球
So even though mars is the
closest friendly environment
是最接近生命的友好环境
to life that there is
to the earth,
但它并不是那么友好
it's really not
all that friendly.
如果获得生活必需品并不容易
Narrator: Without easy access
to the essentials of life,
在火星上定居还可能吗？
will settling on mars
be possible?
♪
人类已经进化成了地球上的生命
narrator: Humans have evolved
to life on earth.
我们有氧气呼吸，有水喝，有食物吃——
We have oxygen to breathe, water
to drink, and food to eat --
我们生存所需要的一切
everything we need to survive.
与地球相比
Compared to earth,
火星上的生命是灾难的温床
life on mars
is a recipe for disaster.
如果你把它看作一个想要生活在那里的人
If you look at it as a human
being who wants to live there,
是的，这是一个你每走一步
yeah,
this is an alien world
都试图杀死你的外星世界
that's going to try to kill you
at every step.
斯特里克:它很远，并且是冷的
Stricker:
It's far away. It's cold.
我们在火星上
There are just
so many reasons why
不开心的原因有很多
we really wouldn't be
happy campers on mars.
那我们到底为什么
So why on earth
are we talking
要把人送到那里去呢？
about sending people there?
好吧，离我们最近的行星，金星，情况更糟
Well, the next closest planet,
venus, it's way worse.
它的表面非常热
Its surface is super hot.
大气中有可怕的化学物质
It's got horrible chemicals
in the atmosphere.
所以相比之下
So in comparison,
火星看起来是一个非常非常棒的旅游目的地
mars looks like
a great, great place to visit.
它离地球很近，与地球相对相似
It's close,
it's relatively earthlike,
尽管有很多挑战
and although
there are many challenges
但我们可以克服这些挑战
they're challenges
that we could overcome.
要在火星上定居
Narrator: To settle on mars,
NASA 的宇航员需要一些必需品
nasa's astronauts
need a few essentials.
如果我们想在那里生活，不管是短期还是长♥期♥
If we want to live there,
short term or long term,
你知道的，你需要哪些物质上的需求？
you know,
what do you need physically?
嗯，你需要空气你需要水你需要食物
Well, you need air.
You need water. You need food.
这些都是我们可以随身携带的东西
Those are all things
that we can bring with us,
但如果它们存在于火星上，那就容易多了
but it's a lot easier
if they exist there on mars.
移♥民♥们需要自己种植食物
Narrator: The settlers will need
to grow their own food,
但是火星的地面有毒
but the martian ground
is poisonous.
火星的尘埃看起来非常温和
Mars' dust
looks really benign.
看起来有点像南犹他州的灰尘
It looks kind of like dust
you would find in southern utah.
但事实证明
But it turns out it contains
它含有大量的高氯酸盐
a lot of something
called perchlorate,
这些物质对人类生命是有毒的
and these materials
are really toxic to human life.
[雷鸣]
[ thunder crashing ]
高氯酸盐是由火星尘暴中产生的电
narrator:
Perchlorates are chemicals
formed by electricity
形成的化学物质
produced in martian dust storms.
它们约占火星土壤的1%
And they make up about
1% of the martian soil
这听起来并不多
which doesn't sound like much,
但这对任何生活在火星表面的人类来说
but this could be
a significant problem
都可能是一个重大问题
for any humans living on
the surface of the red planet.
在火星泥土中生长的食物会吸收高氯酸盐
Narrator:
Food grown in the martian dirt
will absorb the perchlorates,
对宇航员的健康构成威胁
posing a health hazard
for the astronauts.
但这还不是全部
But that's not all.
宇航员直接暴露在有毒土壤中
Direct exposure
to the toxic soil
会病得很重
will make astronauts
very sick.
从生物学上讲，高氯酸盐
One of the effects
that perchlorates
对我们身体的影响之一就是
have biologically in our bodies
is to sort of mess with
扰乱和改变我们甲状腺的功能
and alter the function
of our thyroid glands.
宇航员会起疹子并感到恶心
Narrator:
Astronauts would get rashes
and feel nauseous.
长时间暴露在泥土中甚至会杀死他们
Extended exposure to the dirt
could even kill them.
而且火星不是那种
And mars is not
the sort of place
你想得重病的地方
where you would ever want
to get seriously ill,
它离地球上所有的医院和医疗保健中心
millions of miles from all
the hospitals
都有几百万英里远
and health care
of the earth.
现在有一些想法可以用水或细菌
Narrator: There are ideas of how
to clean the poisonous soil
来清洁有毒的土壤
using water or bacteria,
但技术还没有成熟
but the technology
is not yet ready.
第一批定居者将需要找到一种更安全的方式来种植食物
The first settlers will need to
find a safer way to grow food,
而 NASA 有一个解决方案——水培法
and nasa has the solution --
hydroponics.
水培法将提供火星定居者
Hydroponics will provide
all the food
可能需要的所有食物
a martian settler might need.
移♥民♥们不是在土壤中种植作物、而是在水中种植作物
Instead of growing in soil,
the settlers grow crops in water
所以你所需要做的就是带来种子或植物
so all you need to do
is bring the seeds or the plants
然后让它们在水里生长
and then have them grow
right there in water.
但如果我们决定在火星上
But if we decide to grow our
crops hydroponically on mars,
用水培法种植作物
then we still have this problem
那么我们仍然需要大量的水
of needing lots
and lots of water.
在宇航员给植物浇水之前
Narrator: Before astronauts
water their plants,
他们需要水来喝
they'll need water to drink,
而火星已经几百万年没有自来水了
and mars hasn't had running
water for millions of years.
我们都看过电影，人们被困在不同的地方
We've all seen the movies
of people
不得不生存，他们可以
stranded in different places
and having to survive
在没有食物的情况下生存几个月
and they can last
for months without food.