了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S08E06

Part 6 Jan. 30, 2022, 2:58 p.m.

这个大红斑是你所能想象到的
The great red spot is
the greatest hurricane
最强大飓风
that you've ever imagined.
但这还不是全部
Narrator: But that's not all.
“朱诺号♥”的微波辐射计使科学家们
Juno's microwave radiometer
allows scientists to see through
第一次能够透视木星的云层
jupiter's cloud layers
for the first time.
“朱诺号♥”上的仪器可以观察到下面
Juno has instrumentation
that's able to look underneath,
所以我们做的一件事就是
so one of the things
we did was we looked
观察风暴中心根源有多深
at how deep are the roots.
“朱诺号♥”凝视着这个巨大的
Narrator:
Juno peers down into the eye
风暴中心
of this monstrous storm.
它观察到星球表面以下的温度变化
It spots temperature changes
far below the surface
这些变化遵循风暴的标志性形状
that follow the storm's
iconic shape,
在木星大气层深处
tracing the roots
of the great red spot
追踪大红斑的根源
deep into
the jovian atmosphere.
他们发现它
They found out that
it goes down over
深入大气层200多英里（约320公里）
200 miles
deep into the atmosphere.
这是地球上绝无仅有的
There's nothing
like that on earth.
♪
我们星球上最大的气旋
narrator: The greatest cyclones
of our own planet
可以达到10英里（约16公里）的高度
can reach heights
of around 10 miles,
但是木星的大红斑是它的20倍
but jupiter's great red spot
is over 20 times taller.
我认为这真的让我们看到了
I think that really brings
into perspective
这个星球的巨大规模
the massive scale
of this planet.
♪
木星巨大的，动荡的大气层
narrator: Jupiter's vast,
turbulent atmosphere
承载着人类所见过的最深的风暴
hosts the deepest storm
mankind has ever seen,
“朱诺号♥”的发现让科学家们好奇
and juno's discoveries
get scientists wondering.
这个大红斑是否有助于解释
Could the great red spot
help explain
木星的另一个神秘之处
another of jupiter's mysteries,
即木星温暖的大气层？
the planet's surprisingly
warm atmosphere?
木星在太阳系外
Jupiter looks out
in our outer solar system
一切都很冷
where everything
is very cold.
当你离得那么远的时候，太阳会很暗
The sun is very dim
when you get that far away.
木星离太阳的距离是我们的五倍
Jupiter is five times farther
from the sun than we are,
所以它从太阳
so it's only getting 4%
获得的能量只有我们的4%
of the amount of energy
from the sun that we do.
塞勒:但是木星的大气层中
Thaller:
But there's something heating up
有某种东西在加热
the atmosphere of jupiter.
它的某些部分的温度比我们用阳光
There are parts of it
that are many times warmer
所能解释的温度要高很多倍
than we could explain
with sunlight.
当然，问题是，这些能量
The question is, of course,
where is that energy
从何而来？
coming from?
“朱诺号♥”再次掠过木星
Narrator: Juno swoops in for
another pass on jupiter,
将它的高分辨率摄像机
turning its
high-resolution cameras
对准了下面的风暴
on the raging storm below.
这场风暴向周围的大气
The storm unleashes
vicious turbulence
释放了猛烈的湍流
into the surrounding atmosphere,
给科学家提供了
giving scientists the clue
they need
解释星球高温的线索
to explain
the planet's high temperature.
这个大红斑是一个巨大的飓风
The great red spot
is a giant hurricane
由木星核心深处的热量驱动
that's powered by heat deep
in the core of jupiter,
但它的运动非常剧烈和混乱
but it has such violent
and chaotic motion,
它混合了周围的大气
it's mixing up
the atmosphere around it.
♪
木星上的雷暴会产生
the thunderstorms on jupiter
are gonna be generating
轰隆的雷声
booming thunder
just the same way
就像地球上的雷雨一样
that they do here on the earth.
雷雨云发出的声波
Narrator:
Thunderclouds send sound waves
穿过暴风雨
rippling through the storm.
声波是一种压力波
A sound wave is a wave
of pressure,
是空气分子或水分子
of compression
where air molecules
被压缩的压缩波
or water molecules
get compacted.
它们被挤在一起
They get squeezed together,
当你把某物挤在一起时
and when you squeeze
something together,
它们会靠得更近
they're a lot closer together
它们就会变得非常热
and they're gonna
get pretty hot.
♪
这些声波在风暴的上方
narrator:
These sounds waves shoot up
500英里（约800公里）处爆♥炸♥
500 miles above the storm
将声波能量转化为了热量
where they break, converting
sound energy into heat.
这些声波碰撞在一起
These sound waves,
they crash together,
产生了巨大的能量
creating a tremendous
amount of energy
并加热了周围的气体
and heating the gases
around them.
几百年来，木星的大红斑一直在
Narrator: Jupiter's great
red spot has helped heat
帮助木星加热大气层
the jovian atmosphere
for hundreds of years,
但新的图像表明，这可能即将改变
but new images suggest that
this may be about to change.
木星的红斑太大了
Jupiter's red spot is so big,
我的意思是，它比地球还要大得多
I mean, it's bigger than earth
by a long shot.
它看起来非常稳定
It seems like it would be
an incredibly stable thing.
它就在那里，一直在那里，永远都会在那里
It's just there and it's always
been there and always will be.
最近，我们看到了它的变化
Recently,
we've seen it changing.
当 NASA 的旅行者号♥太空探测器
Narrator: When nasa's voyager
space probe visited
在1979年
jupiter in 1979,
造访木星时，它观测到是一场两倍于地球直径的风暴
it observed a storm
twice the diameter of earth.
♪
2017年，“朱诺号♥”的图像显示
in 2017, juno's images
show the great red spot
这个大红斑的宽度减少了三分之一，但这还不是全部
has lost a third of its width,
but that's not all.
尽管风暴在减弱，但它实际上在长高
Despite the storm shrinking,
it's actually getting taller.
大红斑正被拉长并被迫
The great red spot is being
stretched and forced
进入木星的高层大气
into jupiter's upper atmosphere.
大红斑中的风暴
The storms in
the great red spot,
它有点像陶工旋盘上的粘土
it's kind of like the clay
on a potter's wheel,
当你把双手靠近陶土时
where as you bring your hands
closer together
你的手越近，陶土就越高
to draw the clay in,
the closer your hands are,
同样，对于风暴来说
the taller the pottery becomes,
and similarly, for the storm,
当底部变得越小
as it becomes
smaller at the base,