了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S08E02

Part 5 Jan. 30, 2022, 2:58 p.m.

但没有水，人活不过三天
But a human cannot last
beyond three days without water.
国际空间站上的宇航员
Narrator: Astronauts on
the international space station
会回收洗澡、呼吸、尿液和汗液中的水
recycle water from bathing,
breath, urine, and sweat,
但他们每年仍然需要这补充1500加仑的水
but they still need
1,500 gallons sent up each year.
每批货都重达6吨♥以上
Each delivery weighs
over six tons.
向火星运送水会
Transporting water to mars
增加舱单的重量
will add a lot of weight
to the manifest.
你必须使用燃料来发射它们
You have to use fuel
to launch it
但是你也必须使用更多的燃料
but then you also
have to use more fuel
来发射其他燃料的重量
to launch the weight
of the other fuel,
等等，等等
and so on and so on.
你必须把从地球发射时的重量
You have to keep to
an absolute minimum
控制在绝对最小
the amount of weight
you try to launch from earth.
所以如果 NASA 想在火星上定居
Narrator:
So if nasa wants to set up
residence on mars,
宇航员需要找到水源
astronauts will need to find
a water source.
尽管火星表面不存在液态水
Even though no liquid water
exists on the planet's surface,
但还有其他地方可以观察
there are other places to look.
事实证明火星上有很多水
It turns out there
is a lot of water on mars.
它被困在地下，在高纬度地区的
It's trapped underneath
the ground beneath the dirt
泥土和土壤下面
and the soils at high latitudes.
在极地冰盖上也发现了大量的这种物质
It's also found in huge volumes
up at the polar ice caps.
普雷特:冰——融化了，它就变成了水
Plait: Ice -- you melt,
and it becomes water.
你就可以喝耶
You can drink it.
Yay.
你可以种植植物，做类似的事情
You can grow plants
and do things like that.
事实上，如果你要融化火星上所有的极地冰
In fact, if you were to melt
all of mars' polar ice,
那么你就能把星球覆盖在水里
then you would be able
to cover the globe in water
所以冰是一个非常重要的东西
plait:
So ice is an extremely important
thing to have access to.
所以如果我们真的要去火星探索
So if we do go to mars
to explore and live there,
并在那里生活，就得跟着冰走
following the ice
is the way it's going to go.
即使 NASA 的宇航员能把
Narrator:
Even if nasa's astronauts
can turn the martian ice
火星上的冰变成饮用水，但如果没有其他资源
into drinking water,
without another resource,
定居者也会在三分钟内死亡——
settlers will be dead
in three minutes --
无氧气呼吸
oxygen to breathe.
火星上有氧气，但空气中没有
There is oxygen on mars,
but it's not in the air.
你不能呼吸
You can't breathe it.
它附着在污垢中，与铁结合形成氧化铁
It's bound up in the dirt
and combined with iron
使其呈现出其特有的红色
to make iron oxide, giving it
its characteristic red color.
所以我们需要带着它
And so we need
to bring it with us,
这是一个巨大的数量
and that's a huge amount
to bring,
或者我们需要在火星上制♥造♥它，这是非常困难的
or we need to make it at mars,
and that's really difficult.
我们可以向国际空间站运送氧气
Narrator: We can deliver oxygen
to the I.S.S.,
但是火星之旅很长
but the trip to mars is long
所以很少有补给任务
so there will be
few supply missions.
一旦你在火星上，你不能拿出你的手♥机♥APP
Once you're on mars,
you can't pull out your app
然后订购氧气送上门
and order an oxygen delivery
to your door.
你得带着它，那需要很多氧气
You got to take it with you,
and that's a lot of oxygen.
NASA 的宇航员需要
Narrator:
Nasa astronauts will need a way
在这颗红色星球上制♥造♥氧气
to make oxygen
on the red planet,
航♥天♥局正在研究解决方案
and the space agency
is working on a solution.
2020年，当他们的漫游者到达火星时
When their 2020 rover arrives
on mars, it will carry out
它将进行火星氧原位资源利用实验
the mars oxygen in-situ resource
utilization experiment,
即 m.O.X.I.E
or m.O.X.I.E.
M.O.X.I.E.即从火星空气中吸收二氧化碳
M.O.X.I.E. Will take carbon
dioxide from the martian air.
然后用电来分解二氧化碳
And use electricity to split
that co2 and release oxygen
释放出未来宇航员可以呼吸的氧气
that astronauts could breathe
in the future.
这个测试将会在另一个星球上
Narrator:
This test will create oxygen
on another planet
第一次制♥造♥氧气
for the first time,
但是 m.O.X.I.E 在火星上不能制♥造♥足够的氧气
but m.O.X.I.E. Can't make enough
for a crewed mission to mars.
M.O.X.I.E.每天只能够
M.O.X.I.E.
Will be able to make
制♥造♥大约半磅的氧气
about half a pound
of oxygen per day,
这只够一个人活六个小时
which is only enough to keep a
human alive for about six hours.
NASA 需要大幅扩大技术
Narrator:
Nasa needs to significantly
scale up the technology
以支持火星上的全体宇航员
to support a whole crew on mars.
但即使宇航员能在这颗红色星球上生存
But even if the astronauts
can survive on the red planet,
他们真的能到达那里吗？
can they actually reach it?
拉德堡:这是一次和另外三个人在浴缸里的长途旅行
Radebaugh:
This is a long trip in a bathtub
with three other people.
很有挑战性
It's really challenging.
我想我们还在问自己这个问题
I think we're still
asking ourselves this question,
我们要怎么做？
how will we do it?
♪
NASA 计划把装置放到火星上
narrator:
Nasa plans to put boots on mars.
要做到这一点，你需要带很多东西
To achieve this, you need
to carry a lot of stuff.
萨特:你需要氧气，你需要医疗用品
Sutter: You need oxygen,
you need medical supplies,
你需要食物，你需要储存的水
you need food,
you need stores of water,
如果你想回来，你需要一些燃料
you need some fuel
if you want to come back,
所有这些都必须压缩在一个非常小的体积里
and all this has to be packed
into an incredibly tiny volume.
Nasa的解决方案——猎户座飞船
Narrator:
Nasa's solution -- orion,
一个28吨♥重的航♥天♥器几乎是一辆校车的两倍重
a 28-ton spacecraft nearly twice
the mass of a school bus.
发射猎户座的火箭
The rocket that launches orion
将需要产生数百万磅的推力
will need to produce
millions of pounds of thrust,
这是一个问题
and that is a problem.
如果我们明天决定，比如
If we decided tomorrow, like,
“嘿，你知道吗？让我们去火星吧”
"hey, you know what?
Let's go to mars."
我们做不到
we can't.
我们没有足够强大的火箭来做到这一点
We don't have powerful-enough
rockets to do it.
1969年，美国宇航局的土星五号♥火箭
Narrator: In 1969,
nasa's saturn v rocket
以760万磅的推力
fired apollo astronauts
to the moon
将阿波罗宇航员送上月球
with 7.6 million pounds
of thrust.
这相当于超过34架大型喷气式飞机的功率
That's the power of more
than 34 jumbo jets.
土星五号♥本来可以把宇航员送上火星
A saturn v could have sent
astronauts to mars.
不再是了我们不再制♥造♥了
Not anymore.
We stopped making them.