英国皇家科学院圣诞讲座：如何在太空中生存（2015）

快看你的头 在膨胀
Look at your head, it's swelling.
你的脑袋里会产生蒸汽
There's vapour forming in the pockets inside your head
还会有空气在里面膨胀
and some air expanding there.
这会儿你的脑袋看起来没那么棒了 对吧
Your head doesn't look very good at the moment, does it?
之前我提到的那个过程
Now, that process I told you about
马上就要在水里出现了
is about to happen to that water.
注意观察
Just watch very carefully.
压力继续下降
The pressure's dropping.
开始冒泡 开始了 开始了
A few bubbles. Here it goes, here it goes!
随着你进入太空 水会开始沸腾
That is water boiling as you go off into space.
你在里面看起来很糟 需要我们救你吗
You look really unwell in there. Shall we save you?
要把泵关上吗 好的 关上了
Shall we turn off that pump? Ok, off we go!
我觉得应该再重新给里面加点压力
I think we should try and put some pressure back into the system.
可怜的托比
Poor Toby!
好了
All right...
貌似变得更糟糕了 对吧
You almost looked better before, didn't you?
天啊
Oh, dear.
希望我还能把你救出一部分
OK, so hopefully I can get some of you out.
恐怕已经不剩下什么了
There's not much left, I am afraid.
如果不♥穿♥宇航服进入太空 就会发生这一切
This is what happens if you go into space without a spacesuit.
你看到水沸腾 对吧 就像在水壶里一样
Now, you saw that boiling, didn't you, as if it was in a kettle?
你把手放进去 它还是凉的
You put your finger in that. It's still cold.
那是因为在这种情况下水沸腾
So that's because boiling
跟温度无关 只是个过程
is not about temperature, it's a process.
是水分子扩散发生了汽化
It's molecules of liquid leaving and going into the gas.
这就是所发生的事 并不是因为高温
That's what was happening there, but not because it was hot,
而是因为它周围的低压
because it was such a low pressure around it.
托比 非常感谢你
Toby, thank you so much.
还有 千万不要不♥穿♥宇航服进入太空
Don't ever, ever, ever go into space without a spacesuit.
这是我能给你的最佳建议
That's the best health advice I can give you.
下去吧 谢谢
Off you go. Thank you.
刚刚的场面可不太好看 是吧
All right. Now, that was ugly, wasn't it?
这里的这个
So, this, of course,
是件工艺完美精良的宇航服
is a spacesuit and it is a beautiful piece of engineering.
这件宇航服是二十五年前
This spacesuit was designed for astronaut Helen Sharman
为海伦·沙曼搭乘朱诺号♥火箭所设计的
when she went on her Juno mission 25 years ago.
我可以为你们进行解说
And I could tell you about it
但是我认为能为你们讲解
but I rather think that the best person
海伦·沙曼宇航服的最佳人选是
to tell you about Helen Sharman's spacesuit is...
海伦·沙曼博士 我们英国的首位宇航员
Dr Helen Sharman, our first British astronaut.
欢迎沙曼博士
Dr Sharman.
海伦·沙曼
海伦 非常荣幸见到你
Now, Helen, it's such a great honour to meet you.
这是件很宝贵的物品
This is a very precious item.
通常是放在橱窗中 保存在
It's usually stored behind glass at the National Science...
莱斯特的国家航♥天♥中心
National Space Centre in Leicester.
它从没有进过太空 对吧
It hasn't been into space, has it?
没错 这是件复♥制♥品
No, this is a replica.
我真正穿过的那件宇航服
The real spacesuit that I actually wore in space
被保存在伦敦科学博物馆 但这两件很相似
is in the Science Museum in London, but this is very similar.
就我来看它们是完全一样的
It's identical as far as I can see,
就连左手边的镜子都是一样的
down to the mirror on the left-hand side.
我们不能碰它
We're not allowed to touch it.
我们不能碰它
We're not allowed to touch it.
一名现实中的宇航员啊
A real live astronaut!
看来你找到了件不太宝贵的宇航服
So you have found a slightly less precious spacesuit!
我们可以来说说这个 和我说说它
So we can talk about this. Now, tell me about this suit.
海伦跟我讲讲这件宇航服
So, tell me, Helen, about this suit.
这件我们可以摸 对吧 非常相似
This is one we can really touch, can't we? Very similar.
我猜这是为了
This would have been, I assume,
训练而制♥作♥的
made for somebody to do their training in.
感觉里面很暖和 对吧
It's... it feels quite warm, doesn't it?
穿着这个会很热
Yeah, you're getting quite warm in there.
如果你坐在航♥天♥器里
So normally you would wear your suit
或者在航♥天♥器外行走
and if you are actually sitting inside your spacecraft,
通常情况下会穿着宇航服
or indeed if you're walking to the spacecraft,
它里面会变得很热
because it gets very hot...
我该怎么做才能排出热气呢
How can you lose heat inside the spacesuit?
少许的热量会通过
There's a little bit that you might be able
你的面部发散
to lose heat from your face.
变得很热时 在这里有个大管子
It gets hot, so you've got a great big pipe here.
它会接进一个通风设备
Now, this plugs into a ventilator unit
来自航♥天♥器的空气 或者来自大气的空气
and air from the spacecraft, or from the air,
会被吸入宇航服
gets pulled through the spacesuit
全身都有空气流通的管道
and there are pipes running all the way through it,
一直通到你的脚下
right down to your feet.
到你脸部下面的这里
They come up to just underneath your face here
到你的手套里面
and they run right down into your gloves,
这样会让里面变得凉爽一些
and that tends to keep you cooler inside.
所以我现在真的很同情你
So I really pity you just now,
因为你现在穿着这个里面很热 是吧
because you're actually getting very hot inside, aren't you?!
亚历山德拉 里面感觉如何
Alexandra, how does it feel being in there?
-非常重 -非常重
- Very heavy! - Very heavy!
海伦 这个是什么
And Helen, what is this thing here?
这个是压力调节阀
So this is a pressure regulator valve.
当你在太空中时如果需要给宇航服充气
So if you need to inflate the suit while you're in space...
假设说非常不幸的
Let's say that unfortunately
航♥天♥器发生空气泄露
the air has let out of your spacecraft,
你关闭了头盔
you close your helmet.
氧气会从这个小管子里出来
The oxygen supply comes in through this smaller pipe,
在左边的这个
here on the left,
它会持续给宇航服充气使其膨胀
and it keeps the spacesuit inflated.
这个压力调节阀会保证宇航服里的气压
And this pressure valve here regulates the pressure inside.
宇航服充气的最佳状态是
What you really want is for the suit to be inflated
达到0.4个大气压
at a pressure of about 0.4 of an atmosphere.
这里面的是氧气 不是空气
Oxygen is in here, not air,
虽然只有0.4个大气压
so 0.4 of an atmosphere,
但里面全是氧气 没有问题
but it's full of oxygen, is fine.
它能够让宇航服膨胀
But it inflates the spacesuit.
虽然它的表面很硬
So although it's strong on the outside,
也会变得很僵硬
it becomes really stiff -
非常僵硬 难以移♥动♥
really stiff, so it's hard to move.
如果不动只是坐在座位上没有关系
That's fine if you're just sitting in your seat like this
但是如果要出去进行一些操作
but if you do need to get out and do some manoeuvres,
就很难移♥动♥
it's so difficult to move, you can't.
需要耗费很大力气
And you would use up so much energy.
这时就需要使用这个阀门
So what you can do is you can use this valve here
来降低压力
to decrease the pressure.
看着手腕上的压力计
You look at the manometer on your wrist here
这里会显示你将压力从0.4
and then that will show that you've decreased the pressure
降低到了0.26个大气压
from 0.4 of an atmosphere to 0.26 atmosphere.
非常低 所以宇航服会缩小一些
Very, very low pressure. So the suit deflates a little bit.
但里面还有些氧气 足够呼吸
Still got a bit of oxygen in, so it's enough to breathe,
能维持生命 但是压力很小
it supports life, but that pressure is low.
如果在里面待太久的话
So low that you would get the bends
那种低压会令你患上减压症
if you stayed in that for very long.
所以你只有差不多一刻钟时间
So you can do that for about a quarter of an hour
来做需要做的事情
while you do whatever it is you need to do
然后坐到座位上
and then you sit back down in your seat,
重新增加压力
increase the pressure again...
你可以反复这样做
You can do that repeatedly,
但不能长时间待在0.26个大气压的环境中
but you can't keep it at 0.26 of an atmosphere for very long.
在地球上这宇航服的重量是10千克
It weighs 10kg on Earth,
当然如果你在绕地球飞行
although of course it weighs nothing
它的重量会变成零
if you're orbiting the Earth.
这就是你的微型航♥空♥器 不是吗
This is your mini spacecraft, really, isn't it?
就像是航♥空♥器中的航♥空♥器
So it's like having a spacecraft inside a spacecraft.
它一直帮助维持你的生命
So it really has to support your life
直到你回到地球
for as long as you need to get back to Earth.
亚历山德拉 看起来
So it looks like, Alexandra,
你并不是很享受待在宇航服里面