英国皇家科学院圣诞讲座：如何在太空中生存（2015）

将他们接回空气闸门
and receive them in the airlock.
看起来他们要开始
It sounds like they might just be about
-移♥动♥那辆车了 -是的
- to get this cart moving. - Yeah.
修理好了转移辅助设备车
Done everything they need to do in the CETA cart
听起来他们让车启动
and it sounds like they're giving the go
并让开地方
and getting out of the way.
他们让出地方
They're getting out the way
这样地面指挥中心就能
so that Mission Control can move that cart
从地球上自动操纵那辆车
automatically from the ground.
地面指挥中心会发出指令
An instruction's going to be issued from Mission Control
把那车移开
and get that cart moving
在接下来的几分钟我们就能看到
and we're going to see that in the next couple of minutes.
好的 等提姆和你们准备好就开始
Ok, I'm ready for motion whenever Tim and you guys are.
我也准备好了
I'm ready for motion, too.
好的 现在输入最后指令
Ok, we're putting in the last command.
我看到它动了
I see motion.
我们能看到移♥动♥运输装置开始移♥动♥
We do see motion on the mobile transporter.
我们这里也看到了 很好
We see motion down here as well, that's good.
我们这里也能看到
We can see it here as well.
-缓慢地朝目的地前进 -是的 很慢
- Inching towards its destination. - Very slowly.
好的 兄弟们 好消息
Ok, guys, good news,
它已经到达了工作点
it appears to have reached the work site centre,
-我们可以继续工作 -这是巨大的成功
- so we are a go to continue. - It's a big success.
他们的太空行走进行得非常顺利
They couldn't be happier how things went on the spacewalk.
-我需要你在这里停一下 -好的
- I'm going to tell you to stop there for a second. - OK.
-在你到达轴径销的时候 -好的
- Right when you get to that trunnion pin. - OK, will do.
他在给提姆拍照 柯普拉在给他拍照
He's taking a picture of Tim, Kopra, that's what he's doing.
他看到了漂亮的画面 所以他准备拍照
He saw a good picture, so he's setting up a picture.
-还能有时间自♥拍♥ -是的
- So, enough time for selfies. - Right, yeah.
他们做得很好 简直太棒了
I think they're doing pretty well. It is remarkable.
宇航员从空气闸出来
The crew have gone out the airlock,
走到空间站出问题的地方
got onto the bit of the space station that was broken,
他们移开制动闸门 把它修理好
they have got that brake off, they've moved into place,
为他们祈祷
tiny fingers crossed to make sure that
希望他们能够连接上能源
that couples into the power
这样他们就能开始重新前进
so they can move it again.
我想他们真的拯救了这次任务
But I think they have literally saved this mission.
掌声献给他们
I think it's a round of applause for them.
我想是的
I believe they have.
太激动人心了 只有十五个人
Exciting stuff, but only 15 people have ever flown
太空中持续超过200天
for more than 200 consecutive days in space.
他们中的两人现在就在空间站中
Two of them are in orbit right now.
其中一位是斯科特·凯利
One of them is Scott Kelly,
就是画面中右侧的人
the guy on the right in this picture,
现在他正在努力研究
and he's trying to work out
太空对人体的影响
the effects of space on the human body
让我们可以再次取得探索太空的飞跃性成就
to prepare us for that next great leap into space.
他对太空非常熟悉
And he's pretty good in space.
你们能看得出他很放松 但...
You can see he's very comfortable, he's all there. But he...
...他仍在尝试寻找
...he's still trying to find out
存活更久的方法
how to survive for longer and longer.
这正是这个一年期任务的目标
That's the goal of this one-year mission.
你们能看到他正在太空健身室里
Right there you can see him on the space gym.
只为了保护他的肌肉 他的骨骼
He has to spend a couple of hours a day on that
以及保护他的心脏
just to preserve his muscle and his bone
他每天必须在那里花费数小时
and trying to preserve his heart,
不然他回来时就会变成一个大胖子
cos otherwise he comes back like a big, fat couch potato.
失重带来的问题
And the problems you have because of weightlessness
是可以避免的
you can avoid
我们能把光 热
if you do with gravity what we do with our light, our heat,
能源和饮食带上太空
sources of power, drink and food,
也可以带上重力
and that is take gravity with you.
实际上 它并没有听起来的那么科幻
Now, that's not as sci-fi as it sounds.
不过说的比做的简单
That's easier said than done.
你只需要利用
All you need to do is make use of
一点圆周运动
a bit of circular motion,
一点向心加速度
a bit of centripetal acceleration
以及一点离心力就行了
and a bit of centrifugal force.
在这次任务中我们有四名宇航员
We've got four astronauts on this mission.
你们紧张吗
Are you nervous?
不吗 你们真的应该紧张起来
No? You really, really should be.
这个在排练的时候可不怎么好 开始了
This didn't go well in rehearsals. Here we go.
我们的太空任务开始了
And...there we go on our space mission!
我的天啊
Oh, my gosh. OK, whoa!
又是一次只成功一半的实验 我想...
So, that was another partial success, I think...
不过我想说的你们都懂了
But you get the point.
只要你用适当的力和速度使某样东西旋转
If you can spin something fast enough and hard enough,
你就能创造...
you can create...
这不是人工重力 真的不是
it's not artificial gravity, really, actually.
这是加速度
This is acceleration.
爱因斯坦告诉我们 加速度和重力是等价的
Acceleration and gravity, Einstein told us, are equivalent.
从某个角度而言 当我们旋转机舱的时候
So, this is gravity, really, in a sense,
这就是重力
when we spin the vehicle.
但是问题来了
But here's the problem -
如果你的圆很小又要获得大量重力的话
to get a lot of gravity, if your circle is small,
你就要转得非常非常快
you need to spin very, very fast.
制♥造♥合适的重力
The only way of producing adequate gravity
却又不会转得太快而让你眩晕
and not spinning fast and not making yourself horribly dizzy
需要转一个大东西
is to spin something big.
神奇的是 美国宇航局已经做过了这些实验
Now, bizarrely, NASA have done those experiments.
抬头看看屏幕 我们就能看到一些实验
When you look up on the screen we can see some experiments,
在清理地板的时候 我们可以看看...
and while we get this mess cleaned up, we can see...
...我想这是六十年代的实验
...I think this is from the 1960s.
这是美国宇航局
This is NASA
正在测算人能承受的
trying to work out how big a radius
旋转的半径
and how fast you can spin people
以及速度
to get them to tolerate rotational vehicles
以便创造出合适的人工重力
so that you can create artificial gravity.
这个人的上方有一架起重机在吊着他
This guy's being suspended by the crane above him on his side
而他正行走在这个旋转的结构中
and he's walking around this rotating structure.
做了大量的这种实验后他们得知
What they found when they did lots of these experiments
每个人都会在某个速度晕眩
is that everyone gets dizzy at a point,
但有些人...
but some people...
有些旋转速度
There are some rates of rotation
是每个人都最终都能适应的
that everyone can manage to cope with.
这个速度就是每分钟四转
And that rate of rotation is four revolutions per minute.
不管你们多不适应旋转木马
No matter how bad you are on a fairground ride,
在一段时间过后
after a certain amount of time,
你们都能适应每分钟四转的速度
you can all manage four revolutions per minute.
如果这是你的限制条件
So, if that's your limiting factor,
如果你要把机舱按照每分钟四转来旋转
if you have to spin the vehicle at four revolutions a minute
而且你想在里面得到一单位重力
and you want to make one G of load in that vehicle,
那么你的机舱需要有多大呢
then how big does your vehicle need to be?
我就不让你们计算了
I'm going to save you the maths here,
因为答案是机舱的旋转半径
because the answer is a vehicle with a rotating radius
约为62.5米
of about 62.5 metres.
那么 这是有多大呢
Now, how big is that?
实际上这个规格恰恰是...
It is actually exactly the same size...
...大约是伦敦眼的大小
...almost the same size as the London Eye.
谁曾乘坐过伦敦眼
Now, who's ever ridden in the London Eye?
好的 它的速度并不是每分钟四转
OK. It does not go round four times a minute.
如果你坐在上面而它又达到了每分钟四转的话
If you're on it and it goes round four times a minute,
赶紧下来 因为它出问题了
try and get off cos it's going wrong.
但是我们能让它以每分钟四转旋转
But we can make it turn at four revolutions a minute
这就是它以每分钟四转旋转时
and that's what it looks like going round
看起来的样子
at four revolutions per minute.
那天坐在上面的所有乘客都要去退钱了
All the people on it that day wanted their money back.
但如果这是要进入太空的
But if this was your space vehicle going through space,
太空舱的旋转速度
turning at that sort of rate,
舱内的人就不会站在地板上
then the people in the pods wouldn't be standing on the floors,