切尔诺贝利

Comrade Khomyuk.
要理解那晚发生了什么
To understand what happened that night,
我们要回到10小时之前
we have to go back ten hours earlier--
回到4月25日 安全测试本该展开的当天
April 25th, the day the test was meant to take place.
下午两点钟
By two in the afternoon,
反应堆的功率已经减少一半
the reactor has been lowered by half
从正常的3200兆瓦
from its normal output level of 3200 megawatts
降到1600兆瓦并保持稳定
to 1600 megawatts and is stable
且已准备好把功率降低到测试要求
and ready to be reduced to its final output level for the test:
700兆瓦
700 megawatts.
但在他们继续之前 来了一个电♥话♥
But before they can proceed, there is a phone call.
基辅的电网官员说在午夜之前
Power grid officials in Kiev say that they cannot afford
他们不能承受电力供应的进一步降低了
a further reduction in the electricity until after midnight.
他们要求把测试推后十个小时
They are asking for a ten-hour delay.
这是第一个关键时刻
This is the first critical moment,
灾难的连锁反应的第一环
the first link in the chain of disaster.
称职的管理团队肯定会坚持把测试取消
Competent management would have insisted on canceling the test.
而这三个人却同意让测试继续
These three men allowed it to proceed.
为什么推后会如此危险
Why was this delay so dangerous?
它造成了两个问题
It created two problems:
一个是科学问题
One of them is scientific in nature...
另一个则是人员问题
and the other is very human.
我们先考虑这个
This is the one we will consider first.
午夜有个交接♥班♥
At midnight, there is a shift change.
弗拉基米尔·伊里奇·列♥宁♥核电站
-霍登楚克 -别想了 你找别人去吧
- Khodemchuk-- - Forget it. Find another fool.
托普特诺夫 想买♥♥辆摩托车吗
Toptunov, want to buy a motorcycle?
托普特诺夫 他还是个孩子
Toptunov? He's just a little boy.
他脸上的毛比底下的还多呢
He's got more hair on his face than on his balls.
毛 他嘴唇上是毛吗
Hair? Is that what's on his lip?
列尼德·费罗维奇
Leonid Fedorovych.
阿基莫夫让你尽快去控制室
Akimov says to come to the control room as soon as you can.
-他已经到了 -他来得早
- Is he already here? - He came in early.
是关于测试的事
Something about a test.
看见了吧 像什么样
You see? Desperate.
萨沙
Sasha?
你知道他们本该做的那个测试吗
Ah. You know the test they were supposed to run?
断电后汽轮机惰性发电 他们去年做过
The turbine rundown, they tried it last year.
他们没办法在白班做 所以就交给我们了
They couldn't do it on the day shift, so they've given it to us.
给我们
To us?
我们不知道是...
We don't know what--
-我们根本不知道测试怎么做 -没事
- We don't know what it is. - It's fine.
我们把热功率降到700 保持住
We take it down to 700, hold it there,
剩下的就交给斯托利楚克还有科什鲍姆 但是
the rest is Stolyarchuk and Kirschenbaum, but...
迪亚特洛夫会来监督
Dyatlov is gonna be supervising.
我要做件从来没做过的事
I have to do something I've never done before
而且迪亚特洛夫还要在身后盯着我
with Dyatlov looking over my shoulder?
别担心 我们一起来完成
Yeah, well, don't worry, we'll do it together.
我正在看操作指示呢
I'm looking at the instructions now.
我们要做那些吗
Are we supposed to do those or not?
喂 我是4号♥反应堆的阿基莫夫
Yes, this is Akimov in 4.
我手上有惰性发电测试的操作手册
I have the manual for the rundown test.
去年你们做过
You did it last year.
对 程序里有如何操作的指示
Yes, in the program there's instructions of what to do,
但有很多东西被划掉了
and then, well, there's a lot of things crossed out.
我要...
What should I--?
那我应该...
Well, what should I--?
你确定吗
Are you sure?
好的 谢谢
Right. Thank you.
他说要我们按照被划掉的指示来操作
He says to follow the crossed-out instructions.
那为什么它们被划掉了呢
So then why are they crossed out?
我们已经可以进行测试了
We've been cleared to run the test.
1600兆瓦 很好
1600. Good.
我能否指望你们都清楚自己在干嘛
Now, is it too much to ask that you all know what you're doing?
-这个 -能 当然可以
- Well-- - Yes. Absolutely.
-斯托利楚克 -能
- Stolyarchuk? - Yes.
-科什鲍姆 -我还没看
- Kirschenbaum? - Uh, I haven't reviewed.
我们刚刚才知道
We only just found out really--
拿去 看吧
There, review it.
或者你就照我说的做
Or you can just do what I tell you.
我想哪怕像你这么蠢 也能做到吧
I think even you, stupid as you are, can manage that.
我们开始吧
Well, let's go.
反应堆还在运行的时候
I'm supposed to switch the
我就要把汽轮机关掉吗
turbine off while the reactor's still running?
-这样不对劲 -闭上嘴 好好干活
- This is not good-- - Shut the fuck up and do your job!
托普特诺夫 把功率降到700兆瓦
Toptunov, reduce power to 700.
我从来没在功率这么低的条件下操作过
I've never done this with the power so low before.
没事的 我跟你一起
It's okay. I'm with you.
正在将功率降至700兆瓦
Reducing power to 700.
我想请诸位想象一下尤里·加加林
I want you to think of Yuri Gagarin.
请想象一下 他对于自己进入太空的任务
I want you to imagine that he has been told nothing
一无所知
of his mission into space
就直接被送上了发射平台
until the moment that he is on the launch pad.
请想象他手中就只有
I want you to imagine that all he has
一份自己从未见过的指令清单
is a list of instructions that he has never seen before,
其中还有一些被划去了
some of which have been crossed out.
而这就是当时4号♥反应堆
This is exactly what was happening
控制室里所发生的事
in the control room of Reactor 4.
夜班的人并没有受过测试的训练
The night shift had not been trained to perform the experiment.
甚至都没人通知他们会有这测试
They hadn't even been warned it was happening.
列尼德·托普特诺夫
Leonid Toptunov,
那晚负责控制和稳定反应堆的
the operator responsible for controlling and stabilizing
那个操作员 他
the reactor that night was...
他才25岁
all of 25 years old.
而他在职的总共时长
And his total experience on the job?
也才四个月
Four months.
这是由延误造成的人员问题
This is the human problem created by the delay.
但在反应堆堆芯里
But inside the reactor core,
在原子之间的空隙中
in the space between the atoms themselves,
有更加危险的东西在逐步形成
something far more dangerous is forming.
一种毒素
A poison.
现在是凌晨12时28分
The time is 28 past midnight.
列加索夫同志
Comrade Legasov.
很高兴能在这儿见到一些
I'm pleased to see some of my colleagues here
我在库尔恰托夫原子能研究所和能源部的同事
from the Kurchatov Institute and Minenergo.
但是诸位不需要是核能科学家
But you don't need to be a nuclear scientist
也能理解切尔诺贝利发生的事
to understand what happened at Chernobyl.
你们只需要知道
You only need to know this:
在核反应堆中基本上
there are essentially two things that happen
只发生着两件事
inside a nuclear reactor.
产生核能的反应功率
The reactivity which generates power
要不然升高 要不然降低
either goes up, or it goes down.
就这么简单
That's it.
操作者只需要保持平衡
All the operators do is maintain balance.
铀燃料
Uranium fuel.
铀原子分♥裂♥碰撞的时候 反应功率升高
As uranium atoms split apart and collide, reactivity goes up.
但如果没有平衡好反应功率
But if you don't balance the reactivity,
它就会不断升高 所以
it never stops rising. So...
硼控制棒
Boron control rods.
他们能够降低反应性 就像汽车的刹车
They reduce reactivity like brakes on a car.
但是还要考虑第三个因素 水
But there's a third factor to consider: water.
冷水带走系统中的热量
Cool water takes heat out of the system.
与此同时水变成水蒸气 也是我们说的"空泡"
As it does, it turns to steam, or what we call a "void."
切尔诺贝利核电站使用的RBMK反应堆中
In an RBMK reactor of the type used at Chernobyl,
有个名词叫做"正空泡系数"
there's something called a "positive void coefficient."
这是什么意思
What does that mean?
这意味着系统内的蒸汽含量越多
It means that the more steam present within the system,
反应性越高
the higher the reactivity,
意味着产生更多热量 意味着产生更多水蒸汽
which means more heat, which means more steam,
意味着
which means...
这样似乎出现了恶性循环
It would appear we have a vicious cycle on our hands.