宇宙时空之旅（2014）

Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey S01E08

Part 2 April 25, 2021, 12:40 p.m.

the red rays going to one end and the violet to the other.
这就是恒星的光谱
This is the spectrum of the star.
光谱上有一些精细的暗线
It shows the presence of fine, dark lines.
在把这些暗线与实验室中
By comparing them with lines given
用发光物质得到的线比较之后
by glowing substances in the laboratory,
就发现了我们所熟悉的那些地球上的元素
we can determine that the same elements familiar to us on the Earth
也存在于那些遥远的恒星中
also exist in the outermost star.
这是12358B号♥盘
This is plate number 12358B.
这张盘上的01号♥星是一个B型星
Number one at this plate is a B-type star.
B2 是B2型
Make that a B2.
为了给成百上千颗恒星按照
It took Cannon decades to classify the spectral character
她所设计的标准进行光谱分类
of hundreds of thousands of stars
坎农花费了近几十年的时间
according to the scheme that she devised.
按照恒星光谱线型的不同
Cannon discovered that the stars fell
坎农发现所有的恒星都可以被归为
into a continuous sequence of seven broad categories
七种连续的较为宽泛的类型
according to their spectral line patterns.
每一种用一个字母来表示
Each was designated by a letter.
但是每一个字母下面的恒星的光谱之间
But the spectral lines of two stars in the same letter class
又有些细小的不同
could differ in subtle ways,
这些细微的不同是坎农通过
minute variations that Cannon learned
记忆发现的
to recognize from memory.
为了区分这些有着细小区别的光谱
To distinguish these spectra from one another,
她又用数字把每个恒星类型细分成了十个亚类型
she assigned ten numerical subcategories for each class.
安妮·詹普·坎农只是给恒星分了类
Annie Jump Cannon organized the stars,
但是这分类背后所蕴含的物理意义却需要
but it would fall to another scientist to decipher
另一位科学家来解释
the hidden meaning in her work.
在1923年的英国女性被禁止
In the England of 1923, women were forbidden
在科学学科中追求高等学位
from pursuing advanced degrees in science.
但是塞西莉亚·佩恩在听过天文学家阿瑟·艾丁顿
But Cecelia Payne had attended a lecture in London
在伦敦的一次报告之后受到了启发
by the astronomer Sir Arthur Eddington,
这位艾丁顿爵士可是世界上第一位
the first scientist to provide evidence
给爱因斯坦革命性的
that Einstein's revolutionary
广义相对论的正确性给出证据的人
General Theory of Relativity was correct.
从那一刻开始
From that moment on,
她下定决心追求自己的伟大梦想
she knew that nothing would deter her
君子一言驷马难追
from pursing her big dreams.
她决心移♥民♥到美国去
She resolved to emigrate to America,
在那里女性已经获得了参与科学研究的自♥由♥
where women had already gained the freedom to study the stars.
她的申请被哈佛接受
Her application was accepted at Harvard.
而之后她在哈佛的发现
What she would discover there would challenge
将会动摇天文学界的一个核心思想
one of the central beliefs of astronomy.
而这发现的结果
The resulting impact
就是现代天体物理学的开端
would be the dawn of modern astrophysics.
时光荏苒
As the decades passed,
安妮·坎农和她的团队继续筛选着恒星
Annie Jump Cannon and her team kept sifting the stars,
她们只需要短暂的一瞥
checking each one's spectral signature
便能分辨出每颗恒星的光谱特点
with a fleeting glance and then dropping them
然后确定为七大类中的一类
into one of seven categories.
这些分类好的恒星变成了几十万个点
They became hundreds of thousands of dots
但是它背后的意义却没有人能够理解
in a larger picture which no one could yet understand.
而这个女性的团体当中又多了一位
Into this community of women came one more.
嘿你好
Well, hello there.
你一定是佩恩小姐吧
You must be Miss Payne.
我们一直在等你啊
We've been waiting for you.
快进来
Come on in.
在有学术氛围的地方塞西莉亚·佩恩
Cecilia Payne had never experienced such kindness
可从没感受过如此善意
in a scientific setting before.
姐♥妹♥们♥大方的把自己劳动的
This sisterhood generously shared
成果与她分享
the fruits of their labors with her,
而她也利用她们的观测
and she turned their observations
彻底地改变了人们对恒星的认识
into a radical new understanding of the stars.
这两位女性之间产生了伟大的友谊
The two women became great friends.
坎农把自己毕生所学的关于恒星光谱的知识
Cannon taught Payne everything she had learned
都教给了佩恩
about stellar spectra.
而佩恩也开始研究坎农的数据
And Payne began to analyze Cannon's data
尝试着看看她能否确定恒星的化学组成
to see if she could determine the actual chemical composition
和物理状态
and physical state of the stars.
佩恩把自己在理论物理和原子物理
She brought to this work her expertise
方面的知识应用到恒星研究中
in theoretical and atomic physics.
钙铁等重元素的存在是恒星光谱中
The most prominent features in the spectra of stars
一个非常显著的特点
showed the presence of heavy elements
而在地球的所有元素中
such as calcium... and iron,
钙铁也是含量最丰富的几个之一
which are among the most abundant elements in the Earth.
所以天文学家很自然地下结论说
So astronomers naturally concluded
恒星是由跟地球相同的元素所组成的
that the stars were made of the same elements as the Earth
元素比例也与地球差不多
and in roughly the same proportions.
在1924年亨利·诺里斯·罗素
In 1924, Henry Norris Russell
是美国天文学界的权威他对人们理解恒星
was the dean of American astronomers, having made major contributions
做出了突出贡献
to our understanding of the stars.
四十到四十五种地球上的化学元素
40 to 45 of the chemical elements that we have here on Earth
在太阳光谱上都找到了存在的证据
are also present in the spectrum of the Sun.
所以我们可以认为太阳的化学组成
So we can assume that the composition of the Sun
和地球是类似的
resembles that of the Earth.
如果我们能把地球的外壳加热到炽热状态的话
If one were to heat the crust of the Earth to incandescence,
那么它的光谱就会和太阳的很像
its spectrum would resemble that of the Sun.
亨利·德雷珀星表
安妮·坎农天文图片管理科科长
爱德华·皮克林观测站主任
安妮我觉得我终于知道是什么意思了
Annie, I think I now understand what it all means.
你的工作的意义
All your years of work.
跟我说说
Tell me.
我计算了在很大的温度
I've calculated what the spectra
范围内光谱的理论形式
should look like across a wide range of temperatures,
结果是跟你的分类系统吻合的特别好
and they match your system of classification perfectly.
任何一颗恒星的光谱都能准确地告诉你它有多热
The spectrum of any star tells you exactly how hot it is.
你的 "OBAFGKM" 分类系统实际上是从高到低
Your "O-B-A-F-G-K-M" Is really a temperature scale of the stars
在温度上对恒星的分类
from the hottest to the coldest.
安妮最重要的是正是由于你的工作
Here's the headline, Annie. Thanks to your work,
我才发现恒星基本上都是由氢和氦
I've discovered that the stars are made almost entirely
所组成的
of hydrogen and helium.
相对于恒星中的金属元素氢和氦的量
There's a million times more hydrogen and helium
可是要多出几百万倍的
than the metals in the stars.
我知道这听起来很蠢
I know, it sounds daft.
你确定么
Are you certain?
你有没有让其他人验证一下你的计算
Has anyone else checked your calculations?
还没呢但是计算都在我的论文里
Not yet, but it's all in my thesis,
我已经把论文寄给罗素教授了
which is already on its way to Professor Russell.
小傻姑娘
Poor woman.
罗素为塞西莉亚·佩恩感到遗憾
Russell felt sorry for Cecilia Payne.
在他眼里佩恩论文最基础的假设就有问题
Her thesis appeared to him to be fundamentally flawed.
塞西莉亚·佩恩收
氢含量是金属元素含量的百万倍
It is clearly impossible that hydrogen should be
显然是不可能的
a million times more abundant than the metals.
她仔细收集的证据在传统的科学思维面前
Her carefully gathered evidence flew in the face
简直是大逆不道
of conventional scientific wisdom.
"我怎么可能是对的呢"她反问自己
"How could I be right," She asked,
恒星大气理论
塞西莉亚·佩恩
"如果那意味着
"If that must mean
罗素教授这样杰出的科学家是错的"
that such a distinguished scientist was wrong?"
尽管她对自己的研究很有信心
Despite her confidence in the quality of her research,
她还是屈从于权威并在论文后面加上了一句
she caved and added a sentence to her thesis
掩盖了论文精髓的话
that undermined its greatest insight.
是过分高并且基本不可能的
直到四年之后
It would be four years
罗素才意识到佩恩的发现是正确的
before Russell realized that Payne was right.
但值得钦佩的是在他刚意识到的时候
To his credit, as soon as he did,
他就承认这个发现是佩恩的
he acknowledged that it was her discovery.
佩恩的《恒星大气理论》一直被很多人认为是
Payne's "Stellar Atmospheres" Is widely regarded
天文学界最杰出的博士论文
as the most brilliant PhD thesis ever written in astronomy.
这篇博士论文甚至成了领域内的教科书
It became the standard text in its field.
没有为了自己的观点愤声疾呼是我的问题
I was to blame for not having pressed my point.
当我相信自己是正确的时候我却屈从于权威
I had given in to authority when I believed I was right.
如果你对自己的证据很肯定
If you are sure of your facts,