宇宙时空之旅（2014）

Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey S01E01

Part 4 April 25, 2021, 12:38 p.m.

就算能反驳它也好
If only to disprove it.
布鲁诺瞥见了宇宙的浩瀚
Bruno glimpsed the vastness of space.
但他却没能了解时间的无穷
But he had no inkling of the staggering immensity of time.
生命不过百年的人类
How can we humans, who rarely live more than a century,
怎么能抓得住宇宙历史
hope to grasp the vast expanse of time
那样漫长的时间呢
that is the history of the cosmos?
宇宙有138亿年的历史
The universe is 13.8 thousand million years old.
为了方便想象所有的宇宙时间
In order to imagine all of cosmic time,
让我们将它压缩到一年的时间中去
let's compress it into a single calendar year.
这张宇宙日历始于
The cosmic calendar begins
一月一号♥ 也就是宇宙诞生的那天
on January 1st with the birth of our universe.
它包含了从那天起一直到现在
It contains everything that's happened since then,
也就是日历上
up to now,
十二月三十一日午夜间发生的所有事情
which on this calendar is midnight December 31st.
在这个比例下每月大约相当于10亿年
On this scale, every month represents about a billion years.
每天相当于4000万年
Every day represents nearly 40 million years.
让我们尽可能地回溯
Let's go back as far as we can,
来到宇宙的最开始
to the very first moment of the universe.
1月1日宇宙大爆♥炸♥
January 1st, the Big Bang.
这是目前为止我们能够了解的
It's as far back as we can see in time...
最久远的事件了
for now.
我们的宇宙
Our entire universe emerged
由一个比原子还小的奇点演变而来
from a point smaller than a single atom.
在一场宇宙大火中空间出现
Space itself exploded in a cosmic fire,
宇宙开始膨胀
launching the expansion of the universe
我们目前所知的一切能量
and giving birth to all the energy
和一切物质都来源于此
and all the matter we know today.
这听起来确实很不可思议
I know that sounds crazy,
但我们拥有强有力的观测证据
but there's strong observational evidence
能够支持大爆♥炸♥理论
to support the Big Bang theory.
比如宇宙中观测到的氦元素和理论丰度非常接近
And it includes the amount of helium in the cosmos
还有大爆♥炸♥遗留下的微波背景辐射
and the glow of radio waves left over from the explosion.
随着它不断膨胀宇宙开始冷却
As it expanded, the universe cooled,
接着就是大约2亿年的黑暗期
and there was darkness for about 200 million years.
气体团在引力作用下聚在一起温度升高
Gravity was pulling together clumps of gas and heating them
在1月10日这天
until the first stars burst into light
最古老的一批恒星诞生了
on January 10th.
1月19日这些恒星聚集
On January 13th, these stars coalesced
组成了最初的小星系
into the first small galaxies.
小星系继续聚集形成较大星系
These galaxies merged to form still larger ones,
其中就包括我们的银河系
including our own Milky Way,
大约形成于110亿年前
which formed about 11 billion years ago,
也就是宇宙年历的3月15日
on March 15th of the cosmic year.
数以千亿记的恒星
Hundreds of billions of suns.
我们的太阳在哪里
Which one is ours?
还没诞生呢
It's not yet born.
它将在其他恒星的灰烬中浴火重生
It will rise from the ashes of other stars.
看见那些像狗仔闪光灯一样闪烁的光芒了吗
See those lights flashing like paparazzi?
每个点都是一颗超新星
Each one is a supernova,
大质量恒星的华丽谢幕
the blazing death of a giant star.
恒星在这里灭亡在这里重生
Stars die and are born in places like this one...
被称为恒星摇篮
a stellar nursery.
它们像雨滴一样
They condense like raindrops
在巨大的气体和尘埃云团中聚集而成
from giant clouds of gas and dust.
它们温度越来越高
They get so hot
原子核在它们中心发生聚变
that the nuclei of the atoms fuse together deep within them
产生了我们所呼吸的氧肌肉中的碳
to make the oxygen we breathe, the carbon in our muscles,
骨骼里的钙血液中的铁
the calcium in our bones, the iron in our blood,
所有这一切都在
all of it was cooked
早已灰飞烟灭的恒星中心形成
in the fiery hearts of long-vanished stars.
你我所有人
You, me, everyone...
我们都是恒星物质构成的
we are made of star stuff.
恒星物质不断被利用重元素逐渐增加
This star stuff is recycled and enriched,
以此往复
again and again,
伴随着一代又一代的恒星
through succeeding generations of stars.
我们的太阳还有多久诞生
How much longer until the birth of our Sun?
久着呢
A long time.
直到60亿年后
It won't begin to shine
它才开始发光发热
for another six billion years.
在宇宙年历上
Our Sun's birthday is August 31st
太阳的生日是8月31日这天
on the Cosmic Calendar...
也就是大约45亿年前
...four and a half billion years ago.
气体和尘埃构成的盘环绕初生的太阳运行
As with the other worlds of our Solar System,
和太阳系其他行星一样
Earth was formed from a disk of gas and dust
地球在盘中诞生
orbiting the newborn Sun.
不断的撞击让行星胚胎越长越大
Repeated collisions produced a growing ball of debris.
看见那个小行星了吗
See that asteroid?
不是不是这个
No, not that one.
那边那个
The one over there.
旁边那颗行星的引力让它往左偏了一点
We exist because the gravity of that one next to it
我们才得以在地球上繁衍
just nudged it an inch to the left.
在太阳系这样浩瀚的空间里
What difference could an inch make
毫厘之差能产生多大后果呢
on the scale the Solar System?
稍等你马上就知道了
Just wait, you'll see.
在最初的十亿年里地球
The Earth took one hell of a beating
遭到了一次狠狠的撞击
in its first billion years.
绕地运行的碎片碰撞结合
Fragments of orbiting debris collided and coalesced,
直到它们滚雪球般形成了月球
until they snowballed to form our Moon.
月球便是那个混乱时代的遗留物
The Moon is a souvenir of that violent epoch.
如果你站在当年的地球上看
If you stood on the surface of that long ago Earth,
月球要比现在明亮一百倍
the Moon would have looked a hundred times brighter.
当时的月地距离只有现在的十分之一
It was ten times closer back then,
二者间的引力作用远比现在强
locked in a much more intimate gravitational embrace.
随着地球不断降温海洋开始形成
As the Earth cooled, seas began to form.
潮汐是现在的千百倍高
The tides were a thousand times higher then.
千万年里地球潮汐所产生的摩擦力
Over the eons, tidal friction within Earth
将月球越推越远
pushed the Moon away.
生命大约在这时候诞生
Life began somewhere around here,
9月21日
September 21st,
我们小小世界的35亿年前
three and a half billion years ago on our little world.
生命如何诞生至今仍是未解之谜
We still don't know how life got started.
我们只能猜想
For all we know,
它可能来自于银河系的另一边
it may have come from another part of the Milky Way.
生命的起源
The origin of life
是科学界的几大超级难题之一
is one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of science.
这是生命的形成过程
That's life cooking,
所有生物化学元素为原料
evolving all the biochemical recipes
加上非常不可思议的复杂过程
for its incredibly complex activities.
到了11月9日这天生命开始呼吸移♥动♥
By November 9th, life was breathing, moving,
进食对环境有所反应
eating, responding to its environment.
我们要感谢那些微生物先驱
We owe a lot to those pioneering microbes.
哦对了还有一件事
Oh, yeah... one other thing.
它们还创造了有性繁殖
They also invented sex.
12月17日是个重大日子
December 17th was quite a day.
海洋生命真正开始繁荣
Life in the sea really took off,
种类繁多的大型植物和动物大爆发
it was exploding with a diversity of larger plants and animals.
提塔利克鱼是最早造访陆地的海洋动物之一
Tiktaalik was one of the first animals to venture onto land.
陆地对它来说就像另一个星球
It must have felt like visiting another planet.
森林恐龙
Forests, dinosaurs,
鸟类昆虫
birds, insects,
所有都在12月的最后一周进化而来
they all evolved in the final week of December.
第一枝花
The first flower...
绽放于12月28日
bloomed on December 28th.
随着这些古老森林生长死去
As these ancient forests grew and died
又被深埋入地底
and sank beneath the surface,
植物遗骸逐渐转化为了煤
their remains transformed into coal.
3亿年之后
300 million years later,
人类才懂得烧煤来推动发展
we humans are burning most of that coal to power
同时也危及到我们的文明
and imperil our civilization.
还记得在太阳系形成之初
Remember that asteroid back in the formation