宇宙时空之旅（2014）

Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey S01E05

Part 3 April 25, 2021, 12:40 p.m.

比起人类世界的事物
Light has properties unlike anything else
光有特别的性质
in the realm of human existence.
以光的速度为例
Take the speed of light.
光的基本粒子光子
The basic particle of light, the photon,
从原子或分子中诞生之际
is born traveling at the speed of light
就以光速运行
as it emerges from an atom or a molecule.
光子不会以其他速度运动
A photon never knows any other speed,
而我们也找不到其他任何事物
and we've not found another phenomenon that accelerates
可以瞬间从零提速至光速的
from zero to top speed instantaneously.
没有其他事物可以这么快地移♥动♥
Nothing else could move as fast.
当我们试着加速其他粒子时
When we try to accelerate other particles
当它们的速度越靠近光速
closer and closer to the speed of light,
就越难提速
they resist more and more,
就好像它们变得越来越重似的
as though they're getting heavier and heavier.
目前还未有任何实验
No experiment yet devised
让其他粒子成功达到光速
has ever made a particle move as fast as light.
那是什么
What was that?
你听到了吗
You hear something?
我说到哪儿了对了
Where was I? Oh, yeah.
我不知道世上还有别的东西
I don't know anything else in life
像光一样
that behaves like light.
我无法将它独特的属性
I cannot reconcile its strange properties
与我感知到的光协调起来
with everything else my senses tell me.
我们渴望相信感知的冲动
Our urge to trust our senses
压倒了测量工具告诉我们的
overpowers what our measuring devices tell us about
现实真正的本质
the actual nature of reality.
当真人♥大♥小的物体以哺乳动物的速度移♥动♥时
Our senses work fine for life-size objects
我们的感知正常运作
moving at mammal speeds,
但却无法适应光速下奇妙的法则
but are ill-adapted for the wonderland laws of lightspeed.
我们甚至不知道为什么宇宙速度会有极限
We don't even know why there's a cosmic speed limit.
当你以光速运行时
Time stands still when you're traveling
时间静止不动
at the speed of light.
光到底是什么呢
What is light, anyway?
艾萨克·牛顿对光的痴迷
Isaac Newton's enduring fascination with light
始于他的孩提时代
began when he was a child...
就在这所房♥子里
in this very house.
当他二十多岁时
By the time he was in his 20s,
牛顿就已成为第一个破解
Newton became the first person to decipher
彩虹秘密的人
the mystery of the rainbow.
牛顿发现有一些光或者说白光
Newton discovered that some light, or white light,
是彩虹中所有颜色光的混合
is a mixture of all the colors of the rainbow.
重大发现
Major discovery.
他将展现出的不同颜色光命名为"光谱"
He named the displays of colors a "Spectrum"
词源来自拉丁语中的"幻影"或"幽灵"
from the Latin for "Phantom" Or "Apparition."
很抱歉打扰您牛顿先生
Begging your pardon, Master Newton,
但厨子担心您的晚餐就要放坏了
the cook frets that your dinner will spoil, sir.
不艾萨克别放下放大镜
No, Isaac, don't put the magnifying glass down!
光中还隐藏着一个更惊人的秘密
Something even more amazing is hidden in the light--
一串通向宇宙的密♥码♥和钥匙
a code, a key to the cosmos.
艾萨克·牛顿很少错过
Isaac Newton didn't miss much,
但这一个却惊人美妙
but that one was a beaut.
他径直走过一扇通向隐秘世界的大门
He just walked right past the door to a hidden universe;
一扇150年后才有机会
a door that would not swing open again
再次开启的大门
for another 150 years.
解密的任务交给了另一位科学家
It would fall on another scientist,
1800年他在工作中
working in the year 1800,
无意中发现的一份证据
to stumble on a piece of evidence
证实了我们周围存在看不见的世界
for the unseen worlds that surround us.
晚上威廉·赫歇尔用当时
By night, William Herschel scanned the heavens
最大的望远镜观察夜空
with the largest telescope of his time.
白天赫歇尔进行实验
By day, Herschel performed experiments.
从早期牛顿的研究中我们得知
From Newton's earlier work, it was known that
阳光是由不同颜色的光组成的
sunlight is a blend of different colors.
沐浴着阳光的我们都能感知到
And everyone knew, just from being outside,
阳光能传递热量
that sunlight carries heat.
威廉·赫歇尔因此问道
William Herschel asked
是否某些颜色的光携带更多的热量呢
whether some colors of light carry more heat than others.
科学天才的本性
The nature of scientific genius
就是善于质疑所有人习以为常的事物
is to question what the rest of us take for granted...
然后付诸实践
and then do the experiment.
赫歇尔在光谱之外也放置了一支温度计
The thermometer that Herschel placed outside the spectrum
用作对照组
was his control.
任何实验的对照组
The control in any experiment
都缺少被测试的因素
always lacks the factor being tested.
这样我们才能知道被测试的因素
That way, you know if what you're testing is really
是否能引起观测结果
the thing responsible for the observation.
在赫歇尔的实验中
In Herschel's experiment,
测试的是不同颜色的光与温度的关系
the relationship between color and temperature was being tested,
因此他的对照组是将温度计
and so his control was a thermometer
放置在一张完全
over the part of the white sheet
没有光线照射到的白纸上
that was not illuminated by sunlight at all.
奇妙的声音再次出现
There's that sound again.
那是什么
What is that?
红光的温度比蓝♥光♥高
Okay, red light is warmer than blue light.
有趣的发现但还称不上颠覆
Interesting discovery, but not exactly revolutionary.
对你的温度计没有问题
No, there's nothing wrong with your thermometer.
你只是发现了一种新的光
You've just discovered a new kind of light.
赫歇尔第一个发现在光谱红色端外
Herschel was the first to detect this unseen presence
还存在看不见的部分
lurking just below the red end of the spectrum.
它因此被称之为"红外线"
That's why it came to be called "Infrared."
"Infra"是拉丁语中"以下"的意思
"Infra" is Latin for the word "Below."
它是不可见的
It's invisible.
我们的眼睛感知不到这种光
Our eyes are not sensitive to this kind of light,
但我们的皮肤能以热量的方式感知到它
but our skin is-- we feel it as heat.
这真是一个巨大的发现
Now, that's a really big discovery.
但更大的秘密还远未曝露
But far greater secrets were still hiding
依然深藏于光中
deep inside the light.
当威廉·赫歇尔在他位于英国的起居室里
At about the same time that William Herschel was discovering infrared light
发现了红外线时
in his parlor in England,
一个名叫约瑟夫·夫琅和费的小男孩
a young boy named Joseph Fraunhofer
正受困于令人绝望的劳役中
was trapped in hopeless drudgery.
他站在盛满有毒化学物质的坩埚前
He stood over a cauldron of toxic chemicals
不停地搅拌
and endlessly stirred.
约瑟夫11岁成为孤儿
Joseph had been orphaned at the age of 11
然后成为了严苛的皇家制镜人
and given to a harsh master named Weichselberger,
魏赫塞伯格的学徒
the royal mirror-maker.
他不仅禁止约瑟夫上学
He prevented Joseph from going to school.
反而让约瑟夫白天在玻璃作坊做工
Instead, Joseph labored in the glass -making workshop by day,
晚上还得打理主人家的家务
and tended to the master's household chores by night.
快点蠢货
Hurry up, stupid!
记住了不准看书
And remember, no reading.
直到有一天约瑟夫终于可以好好休息
Until Joseph got his big break.
魏赫塞伯格的房♥子塌了
Weichselberger's house collapsed.
巴伐利亚选帝侯马克西米利安
Maximilian, the future king of Bavaria,
急忙赶到事故现场
hurried to the scene of the calamity
提供救援
to see if he could help.
马克西米利安
Maximilian was known
以关爱其臣民著名
for taking an interest in his subjects,
这一点在那个时代很不寻常
which was highly unusual for its time.
受到巴伐利亚未来国王的关注
In attracting the concern of the future king of Bavaria,
年幼的约瑟夫·夫琅和费
young Joseph Fraunhofer
得以进入一个全新的世界
found an aperture into a different universe.
不仅仅是为他一个人
And not just for himself.
马克西米利安王子向约瑟夫提供金钱支持
Prince Maximilian gave Joseph money
并让他的枢密官
and asked his privy councilor
在必要时候为这个男孩提供进一步的帮助
to provide further help to the boy, should it be needed.
魏赫塞伯格继续剥削他
Weichselberger continued to exploit him
阻止他上学
and prevent him from attending school.
但王子的枢密官介入进来
But the prince's councilor intervened,
提议让约瑟夫前往光学学院学习
offering Joseph a position at the Optical Institute.