宇宙时空之旅（2014）

Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey S01E05

Part 2 April 25, 2021, 12:40 p.m.

然后反射回我们的眼睛
before returning to our eyes.
但哈桑认为星星离我们如此之远
But al-Hazen reasoned that the stars were too far distant
从我们眼睛射出的光线根本无法在一眨眼之间
for something in our eyes to travel all the way to them
穿越那么远的距离
and back in the blink of an eye.
完美的推论但哈桑并没有止步于此
Excellent reasoning, but al-Hazen didn't stop there.
他一直在找寻可以迫使自然
He searched for ways to compel nature
吐露其秘密的方法
to divulge her secrets.
当时他的文化善于接受一切新的思想和质疑
His culture was open to new ideas and questioning.
这是伊♥斯♥兰♥世界的
It was the golden age of science
科学黄金期
in the Islamic world.
当时的伊♥斯♥兰♥世界从西班牙的科尔多瓦
One that stretched from Cordoba in Spain
一直蔓延到中亚的撒马尔罕
all the way to Samarkand in Central Asia.
基♥督♥教和犹太教的学者们是
Christian and Jewish scholars were honored guests
巴格达开罗及其他伊♥斯♥兰♥首都城市
at the research institutes of Baghdad, Cairo,
科研机构里的座上宾
and other Islamic capitols.
没有焚书哈里发们反而派遣使者
Instead of burning books, the caliphs sent emissaries
到全世界各地搜寻书籍
around the world in search of books.
为了子孙后代哈里发们慷慨解囊
The caliphs lavishly funded projects to translate, study,
支持一切翻译研究和保存这些书籍的项目
and preserve them for future generations.
如果没有他们的努力
Much of the light of Ancient Greek science
大部分古希腊科学家的发现
would have been permanently extinguished
都无法存留延续
without their efforts.
科学的再次觉醒
The reawakening to science
发生在数百年之后的欧洲
that took place in Europe hundreds of years later,
由伊♥斯♥兰♥学者和科学家们
was kindled by a flame
精心保存的知识之火唤醒
that had been long tended by Islamic scholars and scientists.
阿♥拉♥伯人从印度吸收想法再传播到西方
The Arabs also imported ideas from India to the West,
包括我们仍在使用的
including the so-called Arabic numerals
所谓的阿♥拉♥伯数字
that we all use today,
以及零的概念
and the concept of zero...
这一概念在你想要
which comes in handy
表述"数十亿"时特别方便
when you want to write "Billions and billions."
阿♥拉♥伯天文学的影响非常深远
Arabic astronomy was so influential,
现在大部分的亮星
that we still call most of the bright stars
依然使用的是阿♥拉♥伯名字
by their Arabic names.
还有英语单词代数运算法则
And the "Al's" in algebra, algorithm,
炼金术酒精中出现的前缀"al"
alchemy, and alcohol
都是阿♥拉♥伯语还称霸科学界时
are just some of the traces left from the time when Arabic
留下的点点痕迹
was the language of science.
十一世纪本·哈桑开始验证
In the 11th century, Ibn al-Hazen set about
他对光的猜测以及我们是如何看见的
trying to test his ideas about light and how we see.
我们设置了一个观察光是如何运动的实验
So we devised an experiment to determine how light moves.
在日光下搭建起一个帐篷
We erected a tent in full daylight
密封好帐篷只有一束光线
and sealed it tightly so that only a single ray of light
可以照射进来
could pierce its inner darkness.
只靠他的大脑
With little more than his brains
和一块直木工具尺子
and a straight piece of wood-- a ruler--
哈桑完成了科学史上的
al-Hazen had accomplished a great leap forward
一大飞跃
in the history of science.
他发现光沿直线移♥动♥
He discovered that light moves in straight lines.
但这才是开始
But he was just getting started.
哈桑发现了成像的关键
Al-Hazen figured out that the key to forming any image--
不管是眼睛还是照箱暗盒
whether you're talking about an eye or camera obscura--
暗室都有一个小开口
is a small opening to restrict the light that can enter
限制光线进入
an otherwise darkened chamber.
这个小孔隔绝了外界
That aperture excludes the chaos
环绕我们的混乱光线
of extraneous light rays that surround us.
孔越小
The smaller the aperture,
来自不同方向的光就越少
the fewer directions that light can come from.
因此图像也就越清晰
And that makes the image sharper.
我们才能不被光线蒙蔽
So instead of being blinded by the light,
看清身边的世界
we can see everything it has to show us.
哈桑自♥制♥了一个照箱暗盒
Al-Hazen made his own camera obscura
让哈里发们叹为惊止
and dazzled the caliphs.
照箱暗盒在光线充足时效果最好
A camera obscura works best in bright light.
夜晚的星光对照箱暗盒来说太过暗淡
The stars of the night sky are way too dim for this.
因此我们需要更大的开口来聚集光线
We somehow need a bigger opening to collect light,
但我们还需要保持对焦
but we also need to maintain focus.
望远镜能采集
A telescope collects light
视场内任意一点发出的光
from any spot in its field of view
通过整个透镜或镜子汇聚到一起
across the entire lens or mirror,
其开口要比照箱暗盒的小孔大得多
an opening much larger than the camera obscura hole.
这是最早的望远镜之一
This is one of the first telescopes...
1609年伽利略用它观察过星空
the one that Galileo looked through in 1609.
通过望远镜他拉开了夜空厚重的帷幕
With it, he pulled aside the heavy curtain of night
开始其探索宇宙的征途
and began to discover the cosmos.
透镜使得望远镜能够
The lens made it possible for a telescope
扩大收集光的面♥积♥
to have a much larger light-collecting area
远大于我们的眼睛
than our eyes have.
桶越大接住的雨水越多
Big buckets catch more rain than small ones.
现代望远镜集光面♥积♥更大
Modern telescopes have larger collecting areas,
有高度敏感的探测器
highly sensitive detectors,
可以数小时不断追踪同一天体
and they track the same object for hours at a time
直到收集到足够的光线
to accumulate as much of its light as possible.
空间望远镜比如说哈勃
Space-based telescopes such as the Hubble,
可以捕捉到来自最遥远
have captured light from the most distant
最古老星系的光线
and ancient galaxies,
为我们提供更清晰的宇宙图片
giving us vastly clearer pictures of the cosmos.
哈桑发现了图像是如何通过光形成的
Al-Hazen discovered how images are formed by light,
但这还远不是他最大的成就
but that was far from his greatest achievement.
本·哈桑是第一位
Ibn al-Hazen was the first person ever
制定出科学基本规则的人
to set down the rules of science.
他创造了一种错误纠正机制
He created an error-correcting mechanism,
可以系统无间歇地
a systematic and relentless way
筛选出所有错误的概念
to sift out misconceptions in our thinking.
寻求真理很困难
Finding truth is difficult...
拉丁文的"真理"
古希腊语的"真理" Aletheia
阿♥拉♥伯语的"真理"
这是一条充满荆棘的道路
and the road to it is rough.
希伯来语的"真理"
追求真理之人
As seekers after truth,
你应时刻保留意见
you will be wise to withhold judgment
不要轻信前人之言
and not simply put your trust in the writings of the ancients.
你应质疑并全面检验
You must question and critically examine
这些前人之言
those writings from every side.
你只应服从于论辩与实验
You must submit only to argument and experiment
而不是任何一家之言
and not to the sayings of any person.
因为人类如此脆弱
For every human being is vulnerable
困囿于各种缺陷
to all kinds of imperfection.
追求真理之人
As seekers after truth,
我们也应当质疑诘问自己的想法
we must also suspect and question our own ideas
在我们进行调查时时刻自省
as we perform our investigations,
只有这样才不会流于偏见
to avoid falling into prejudice
或毁于散漫
or careless thinking.
秉持这一信念
Take this course,
真♥相♥自现
and truth will be revealed to you.
这就是科学方法
This is the method of science.
如此强大使得机器人探测器
So powerful that it's carried our robotic emissaries
能深入太阳系甚至更远的地方
to the edge of the solar system and beyond.
使我们的寿命增加了一倍
It has doubled our lifespan,
让消失在过去的世界重现
made the lost worlds of the past come alive.
科学让我们得以预测发生在
Science has enabled us to predict events
遥远未来的事件
in the distant future...
让我们以光的速度交流
and to communicate with each other at the speed of light,
正如此时此刻我和你的交流
as I am with you, right at this moment.
这一思维方式给予我们的力量
This way of thinking has given us powers
连哈桑本人也不得不承认是一种魔力
that al-Hazen himself would have regarded as wizardry.
但正是他带领我们踏上这条艰辛无尽的道路
But it was he who put us on this rough, endless road.
现在这条道路把我们指向一个地方
And now it has taken us to a place
那里甚至连光
where even light itself
都隐匿于黑暗中
is enshrouded in darkness.