宇宙时空之旅（2014）

Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey S01E05

Part 4 April 25, 2021, 12:40 p.m.

这一小小的善意之举获得了巨大的回报
This small gesture of kindness really paid off.
当他27岁时
By the time he was 27,
约瑟夫·夫琅和费已是世界顶尖的设计师
Joseph Fraunhofer was the world's leading designer
包括高品质透镜
of high-quality lenses,
望远镜和其他光学仪器
telescopes and other optical instruments.
他的作坊就位于此处
His firm was housed here,
古老的本讷迪克特伯伊昂修道院
in the old Benediktbeuren Abbey.
在19世纪初期
In the early 19th century,
这些都是绝密的超高科技
this was top-secret, ultra-high technology.
早期的本讷迪克特修士们
The Benedictine monks of earlier times
需要发誓保密才能在此修行
had taken a vow of secrecy.
这一地方传统
This local tradition,
加上严格控制
and the ability to restrict access
进入夫琅和费实验室的权限
to Fraunhofer's laboratory,
让他可以控制贸易
allowed him to maintain control
保护国♥家♥机♥密♥
of trade and state secrets.
夫琅和费正在用棱镜做实验
Fraunhofer was experimenting with prisms
希望找到制♥作♥精准透镜的最佳玻璃材质
to find the best types of glass for precision lenses.
他想能否用棱镜观察到
How, he wondered, could he get a better look
更清晰的光谱图呢
at the spectrum that a prism produced?
弗里德里克请帮我拿一下经纬仪
Friedrich, bring me the theodolite, please.
趁着夫琅和费调整经纬仪
Okay, while Fraunhofer sets up his theodolite--
经纬仪是一种望远镜
it's a kind of telescope--
我想让你看看修道院另一边的一个东西
I want to show you something in another part of the abbey.
声波是如此悦耳动听
Sound waves are so beautiful to hear.
想象一下这些声波看起来将是多么美妙
Imagine how beautiful they'd be to see.
你是否好奇过为什么风琴管的长度都不一样呢
You ever wondered why organ pipes have different lengths?
我按下一个键
I press a key...
压缩的空气被传至某个风琴管中
it sends compressed air into a particular pipe,
产生了声波
producing sound waves.
如果我们把声波传递的速度放慢几百倍
If we could slow the sound waves down a few hundred times,
它们看起来将是这个样子的
they would look like this.
风琴管的长度决定了
The length of the pipe determines the length
其能产生的声波的长度
of the sound wave that can fit inside it.
一根短风琴管发出的声波短
A short pipe gives you a short sound wave.
短声波的音调更高或者说频率更高
Short sounds waves have high pitch, or frequency.
让我们暂停一下好好看看这些声波
Let's stop the waves for a better look.
波与波之间的距离
The distance between adjacent waves
称之为波长
is called the wavelength.
较长的风琴管发出的声波更长
A long pipe gives you a long sound wave
音调更低或者说频率更低
with a low pitch, or low frequency.
这段音乐的中世纪手稿《布兰诗歌♥》
The medieval manuscript of this music, "Carmina Burana,"
正是在这座修道院里被发现的
was discovered in this very abbey.
声波无法在真空中传播
Sound waves can't travel through a vacuum.
它们需要物质作为介质
They need matter to ride on,
比如说空气水或岩石中的分子
like molecules of air, or water, or rock.
但光波却可以独行
But light waves fly solo.
它们可以在真空里移♥动♥
They can move through empty space.
且速度极快
And fast--
比在空气中传递的声波快了百万倍
a million times faster than sound waves in air.
而我们观察到的光的波长
And the wavelengths of the light we see
远远短于声波
are so much shorter than sound waves.
其波长的五万倍
About 50,000 light waves
才能填满这个缝隙
would fit right in here.
言归正传
Oh, yeah.
夫琅和费
Fraunhofer.
时间刚刚好
Just in time.
我们没有错过好戏
We didn't miss it.
正如声音的波长
Just as the wavelength of sound
决定了我们听到的音调的高低
determines the pitch that we hear,
光的波长
the wavelength of light
决定了我们看到的光的颜色
determines the color that we see.
但一块棱镜是如何把隐藏在
But how does a prism spread out the colors
一束阳光中的色彩分解出来呢
concealed in a beam of sunlight?
当光在空气或真空中移♥动♥时
When light travels through air or space,
所有颜色的光移♥动♥的速度都是一致的
all its colors move at the same speed.
但当它以某个角度射入玻璃时
But when it hits glass at an angle,
光的速度减缓并改变了方向
the light slows down and changes direction.
在棱镜里
Inside the prism,
每种颜色的光以不同的速度移♥动♥
each color moves at a different speed.
在玻璃中紫光
In glass, violet light,
由我们可见的最短的光波传递
which is carried by the shortest waves we see,
比红光减速更多
slows down more than red light,
红光是波长最长的光
which has the longest waves.
速度的改变
These changes in speed
使不同的光分开
pry the colors apart,
让各种颜色的光波
sending their waves off
朝着些微不同的方向前进
in slightly different directions.
这就是棱镜的工作原理
That's how a prism works.
如果我看起来不同寻常的激动
If I seem unduly emotional about this,
那是因为约瑟夫·夫琅和费将要完成
it's because Joseph Fraunhofer is about to do
艾萨克·牛顿本可以却没能完成的事
what Isaac Newton could've done, but didn't.
这一发现将极大地
And it'll have a powerful effect
影响我人生前进的方向
on the course of my own life.
你正要见证的是
You are witnessing the marriage
物理和天文学的结合
of physics and astronomy,
诞生了我致力于研究的科学领域
the birth of my own field of science,
天体物理学
astrophysics.
由光线谱写
Written in the light,
那些垂直黑线
in those vertical black lines...
就是密♥码♥
is secret code.
夫琅和费看着它们倍感疑惑
Fraunhofer looked at them, and wondered...
为什么
Why?
一个从陌生世界
A code that comes to us
来到我们面前的密♥码♥
from an alien universe.
这些垂直黑线
What is the message written
到底隐藏着什么讯息
in these dark, vertical lines?
经过数百年的思索
It took a hundred years of thinking,
质疑和探寻才最终解开这个谜团
questioning, searching to decipher it.
很漂亮不是吗
Lovely, isn't it?
为什么呢
Why?
美的精细结构有许多层次
There are many layers to the fine structure of beauty...
地球的化学结构大气构成
the chemistry of the Earth and its atmosphere...
生命的进化
the evolution of life...
许多显而易见的线索
Many distinct threads.
让我们检视其中最表面的一点
Let's just examine one, at the surface...
让我们目眩神迷的自然的颜色
the colors of nature that dazzle us.
这是怎么发生的呢
What's really happening?
这些红色蓝色
How does the red, the blue...
自然让人惊叹的五彩斑斓
the astonishing palette of nature's colors...
这些颜色是如何形成的呢
how do they happen?
来自太阳的不同长度的光波
Light waves of different lengths from the Sun
照射到地球上
strike the Earth.
这些花朵的花瓣
The petals of these particular flowers
只吸收了阳光中
absorb all the low-energy,
低能量的红色长波
long red wavelengths of light.
但这些花瓣反射了
But the petals reflect
高能量的蓝色短波
the shorter, high-energy blue wavelengths.
恒星光与花瓣之间的交流
That interaction between starlight and petal--
或与水与梵高之间的互动
or water, or Van Gogh--
让我们知道什么是蓝
is what makes blue.
那些最长的光波
The longest waves,
我们看到的红色光波
the ones we see as red,
携带的能量最低
have the lowest energy.
颜色是我们的眼睛感知
Color is the way our eyes perceive
光波能量的方式
how energetic light waves are.
一次日落
A sunset...
一面旗帜
a flag...
爱人的瞳色
the eyes of your beloved...
崭新的汽车
that shiny new car.