汪星人的奇思妙想（2024）

但它们会把事情干完
but they finish the job.
[wolf growls]
犬科的视力进化出来
是用于寻找和追踪猎物的
Canine vision evolved
to find and track prey.
视杆细胞有助于在昏暗的地方看清楚
Rods help see in poorly lit, dark areas.
狗的视杆细胞比较多
正因如此 它们的夜视能力比我们强
Dogs have more rods. Because of that,
they have better night vision than we do.
狗在它们的眼睛后面
还有一层反光层
And dogs also have a reflective layer
on the back of their eyes
叫做“绒毡层”
called the tapetum lucidum.
光会反射在上面
Light will reflect on it and act
as a flashlight in poorly-lit situations.
在光线不足的情况下
能发挥手电筒的作用
视锥细胞是让我们看到颜色的东西
Cones are what allow us to see colors,
人类有三种不同的视锥细胞
and humans have
three different types of cones.
狗只有两个 所以狗看不到
我们看得到的某些颜色
Dogs only have two, so dogs don't see
certain colors that we do.
它们只能看到黄色、蓝色、灰褐色
They just only see
in hues of yellow, blue, grayish-brown.
它们更擅长看到那些在动的东西
They're much better at things
that are actually moving.
我们猜测 它们看到的世界
比我们看到的更模糊一些
We think that the world's
a little blurrier than what our world is.
它们绝对是很依赖视觉的
They definitely rely on vision,
可没有视觉 它们也能活下去
but they can live without it.
狗天生就是通过闻来了解世界的
Dogs are built to smell the world.
我很喜欢说这句话
“狗是闻颜色的”
I like to use the phrase
that dogs smell in color
因为这样说能产生我们的共鸣
because it kinda gives us something
that we can relate to
因为我们是将视觉
作为我们的主要知觉的
because we use vision
as our primary sense.
尼莫 我们走 伙计 我们能行
[Hutchinson] Nemo.
Let's go, buddy. We got this.
狗的嗅觉是有立体感的
[narrator] Dogs also smell
in three dimensions.
它们只通过鼻子
就能得出一个房♥间的立体图
They can make a spatial map of a room
using just their nose.
[sniffing]
超♥市♥是一个充满诱惑和挑战的地方
[Hutchinson] Supermarkets are
very tempting, challenging places
那里的食物基本上狗都够得着
where food is often at dog level.
有肉 有鱼 还有蔬果
There's meat, and there's fish,
and there's produce,
有各种各样的东西 但你不能去惦记
and there's all kinds of things,
but forget about all of that.
狗的鼻子能探测到
数百万种不同的气味
[narrator] A dog's nose can detect
millions of different smells.
狗甚至知道
如果自己的主人昨天有没有来过这里
if their owner was here… yesterday.
It even knows
[sniffing]
给尼莫的挑战
是将注意力集中在训狗人身上
The challenge for Nemo,
keep his focus on the trainer,
而不是食物上
not the food.
哎呀 尼莫 对
[Hutchinson] Oops. Nemo. Yeah.
你要晚一点再有东西吃 孩子 我们走
You'll get your food later, kiddo.
Let's go.
这对尼莫来说 挺有挑战性的
It's a little bit of a challenge
with Nemo,
尤其是在装有
任何一只狗都想一口咬下去的
especially in aisles
of smelly, wonderful things
香气扑鼻的好东西的过道上
that any dog
would love to sink their teeth into.
尼莫很容易就走开去闻
It's very easy for Nemo
to veer off and want to sniff.
别闻鱼 快来 伙计
No fish. Come on, buddy.
我想要看到的是
尼莫能一直将注意力放在我身上
So what I'm looking for
is that Nemo keeps his attention on me,
因为在现实世界中 无论发生什么事
because in the real world,
his person is going to need him
他的主人都会随时需要他
regardless of what is going on.
尽管不是每个超♥市♥都欢迎狗
[narrator] While not every dog
is welcome in a supermarket,
每只狗都能
从学会控制自己的冲动中受益
every dog can benefit
from learning to control their impulses.
哟 那只狗要偷那家伙的比萨吃了
[man] Yo, that dog's totally gonna steal
that guy's pizza.
[women laughing]
狗鼻子的结构
The anatomy of a dog's nose
就是设计出来
让狗通过气味感受世界的
is designed to allow the dog
to experience the world through odor.
[sniffs]
鼻孔本身的设计
就是为了让大约10%到15%的空气
The nostrils themselves are designed
so that about 10 to 15% of this air
直接进入我们称为嗅觉上皮的地方
goes directly to what we call
the olfactory epithelium,
鼻子的这部分
专门用于接收气味中的信息
the part of the nose
that receives information about odor.
这里就像迷宫一样
It's a labyrinth.
其中有大量的转角与缝隙
There are just huge amounts
of nooks and crannies
上面长着各种收集气味的小细胞
where all of these little cells
that capture odor are sitting.
狗相较于人
拥有更多这种类型的细胞
The dog has more types of these cells
than humans do,
这种细胞的密度更高
绝对数量也更多
a higher density of these cells,
and a higher absolute number.
这些信息都会由它们的大脑皮层处理
That information is processed
in their cortex.
当它们呼气时
气会从鼻子两边的小缝出去
When they exhale, it goes out to the sides
through the little slits,
那是非常重要的一部分
and that's a really important component
因为这样它们就能一边呼吸
一边闻味道了
'cause they can breathe and smell
all at the same time.
[sniffs, grunts]
找
[woman] Search.
这个惊人的鼻子 也能用来拯救生命
[narrator] This remarkable nose
can also be used to save a life.
[sniffing]
耶！
[clicks clicker] Yay-hay-hay-hay!
我们在训练狗时
有好几样不同的工具
So we have several tools that we use
when we're training a dog.
我们有一面气味墙
We have the scent wall.
这些只是接口
So these are just ports.
在背面
我们可以插入某种气味的来源
On the back side,
we can insert the source of the odor,
狗必须学会 非常系统地
and the dog will have to learn
to very systematically search that wall
去搜索那面墙
辨认气味是从哪里来的
to identify where the odor is.
这项训练反映了
That translates to how they will search
它们会如何搜索和识别
可能存在的违♥禁♥品♥或危险品
to identify contraband or hazard
that might be out there.
从训练的角度来说
我们会添加所谓的“干扰”
From a training perspective,
we put out what we call "distractors"
去观察这会不会干扰它们的注意力
to see will it interfere with their focus
它们会不会因为分心
so that it actually diminishes
their ability to use their nose
而影响到自己使用鼻子搜寻的能力
because they're distracted?
[woman clicks clicker]
Good boy! Wa-ha-haw!
当我们想起自己的狗
[Otto] When we think about our dogs,
我们总会觉得它们很了不起
we really think of them
as being extraordinary.
有一个场景
我每次见到都会心跳停一下
And the thing that stops my heart
every time I see it
那就是当一只狗钻进瓦砾堆中…
into the rubble pile…
is when a dog goes out
它能看到那里有很多人
and can see that there's masses of people
站在瓦砾堆上干活
working and standing
and on that rubble pile.
狗会这样：
”好 你、你、你 你们都没事
And they go,
"Okay, you, you, you, you're all fine,
但我闻到了别人的味道”
but I smell somebody else."
在看不见的情况下
And they can't see them.
[barking]
[barking]
它们怎么能够找到一个藏匿起来的人
[Otto] How they can find
a concealed person,