汪星人的奇思妙想（2024）

只有两个物种存活了下来
一个是棕熊
are brown bears…
[Hare] Two species that do survive
[bear roars]
另一个是狼
[Hare] …and wolves.
-[wolf howls]
所以狼其实是真正意义上的幸存者
[Hare] And so wolves are real survivors.
好 现在情况变得更神秘一点了
Okay, now it becomes
a little bit more mysterious.
原本狼是惧怕人类的
Instead of being afraid of humans,
但有那么一群狼
a population of wolves,
被人类创造出来的美味垃圾吸引了
they actually became attracted
to all the yummy garbage
that the humans were creating.
于是 一种新型的友谊进化了出来
So a new type of friendliness evolved.
[laughter]
所以 友善者生存
[Hare] So survival of the friendliest
其实是我们所有的发现中
is really the most successful
evolutionary strategy
最成功的进化策略
that has been identified.
[dog panting]
这是适者生存的对立面
[Hare] And it is counter
to survival of the fittest.
根本不是成为又大又坏的头狼
能让你更优秀
It is not at all that being
big, bad alpha makes you superior.
事实上 处于主宰地位
反而要付出相当大的代价
And, in fact, if anything,
being dominant is super costly.
在任何会进化的物种中
In any species that evolves,
一种新的友善关系
衍生出新的合作形式
a new type of friendliness
that leads to new forms of cooperation
绝对会在生存的游戏中大放异彩
just absolutely does gangbusters
in the game of life.
比如花朵
Whether it's flowers
那可真的植物世界进化的创新
in the plant world…
that are really an evolutionary innovation
[buzzing]
“我会很友善 我会给你一些东西
[Hare] "I'm gonna be friendly,
give you something,
我们要互相合作”
and then we're gonna cooperate."
你猜怎么着？
And guess what?
There's only one terrestrial vertebrate
只有一种陆生脊椎动物
能够常年生活在南极洲
that can live year-round in Antarctica.
那便是帝企鹅
And it is the Emperor Penguin.
[penguins chirping]
它们是通过拥抱来做到的
[Hare] They do it by hugging.
它们整个冬天都抱在一起
They hug all winter.
所以友善总能获胜
它在生命中一次又一次地获胜
So friendliness wins.
It wins again and again in life.
[dog panting]
狗有一种特殊的适应能力
[narrator] And dogs have
a special adaptation
帮助它们将友善提升到更高的层次
that helps them take friendliness
to the next level.
举个例子 狗身上最大的变化之一
[Hare] As an example, one of the things
that's changed dramatically in dogs,
相较于狼而言
relative to wolves,
就是它们有一块肌肉
能让它们把眼睛睁大…
that allows them to pull back their eye…
is they have a muscle
我的天呐！
[woman] Oh my God!
露出眼白的这部分来 学名叫巩膜
[Hare] …and show the white part
of your eye, called the sclera.
我们知道 在人类互动的时候
And we know that when humans interact,
看到白色的巩膜
会让我们的大脑自动识别
seeing white sclera is the way
that our brain automatically recognizes
自己在跟另一个人类互动
that you're interacting
with another human being.
这其实是新生儿
It's actually one of the key ways
辨认自己母亲的关键方式之一
that newborn infants
recognize their mother.
小狗的大眼睛
Puppy dog eyes.
它们劫持了
人类彼此之间互动的主要途径之一
They really hijack one of the main ways
we interact with each other.
[dog whines]
而狗充分利用了这一点
[Hare] And dogs
have taken advantage of it.
[puppies yipping]
小狗刚生下来又瞎又聋
[narrator] Puppies are born
blind and deaf.
但它们可以靠气味 立刻找到母亲
But they can immediately
smell their way to Mom.
在三周后 小狗会第一次睁开眼睛
After three weeks,
these puppies are opening their eyes
for the very first time.
[puppies yipping]
这一窝有十只小狗
[narrator] This litter has ten pups.
比平均水平多四只
但离24只的世界纪录还差得很远
Four above average,
but far from the world record of 24.
每一只都是独一无二的
And every single one is unique.
连它们的鼻尖也是
Right down to the tip of their nose.
狗有鼻纹 就像我们有指纹一样
So dogs have nose prints
in the same way that we have fingerprints.
如果你给你的狗的鼻子涂上点墨水
If you were to put
a little bit of ink on your dog's nose
然后印在一张白纸上
and press it up to a piece of paper,
就能留下一个独特的印记
it would make a unique imprint
与其他任何一只狗的都不一样
that would be different
from any other dog.
[dog whimpers]
每只小狗的个性
就像它们的鼻纹一样各不相同
[narrator] Each puppy's personality
is just as different as their nose print.
而研究人员 正在研究为什么会这样
And researchers
are trying to figure out why.
这是科学界中 一个长♥期♥讨论的问题
[Hecht] So it's been
a long-standing question in science,
天性与教养相比 哪个更重要？
how much does nature matter
versus how much does nurture matter?
你永远无法把
其中一个的影响单独列出来
You can never
just have an impact of one or the other.
是两者的互相影响
才创造出了狗的个性
They both interact to produce
the dog's individual personality.
是什么让狗变成这样
What makes a dog the way that they are
它们为何是这样与周遭世界互动的？
in terms of how they interact
with the world?
就环境的这方面来看
From the environment side,
是它们一辈子中所经历的一切
that's everything they experience
over the course of their life,
甚至在它们出生之前
even before they're born.
[puppies grunting]
母教风格
这是一个我十分珍重的课题
Maternal style,
a topic near and dear to my heart.
我们的这个课题 主要是在研究
So that is something
that we have been studying
小狗出生后头三周的生活
in the first three weeks
of the puppy's life.
我们的研究表明
What we're learning is there is variation
母亲与自己小狗的互动多少
是有差别的
in how much
mothers interact with their puppies.
我们观察到有一些母亲
一直与自己的小狗在一起
We see a range of mothers
that are constantly with their puppies,
而有些则比较自♥由♥放任 不过多干预
and then the more laissez-faire,
hands-off mothers.
我们观察到
这会影响小狗解决问题的能力
We see impacts of that affecting
the puppies' problem-solving skills
甚至会影响到它们的个性
and even their personalities.
我们学习到的是
What we're learning is that the mothers
让小狗们自己想办法的那些母亲
that were letting the puppies
figure it out on their own,
养出来的小狗
后来成为了最成功的导盲犬
their puppies went on to become
the most successful guide dogs.
一个合理的假设是
A reasonable hypothesis is that, you know,
它们很早就在学习 要如何自力更生
they're kind of learning to figure it out
for themselves early on,
这对它们今后的生活有极大的帮助
and that's serving them well
in their later career.
了解小狗的想法
是了解所有狗的思想的窗口
[narrator] Understanding
how a puppy thinks
is a window into the mind of all dogs.
嗨！你好吗？
[Bray] Hi! How are you?
你准备好了吗？
You ready?
我们要看看你在想什么了吗？
Are we gonna see what you're thinkin'?
嗨 帅小子 你真可爱
Hi, handsome. You're so cute.
我知道 我爱你
I know. I love you.
接下来 我们要进行指向任务
Right now, we're going to be running
the pointing task,
这是一种最典型的犬类认知任务