汪星人的奇思妙想（2024）

and this is kind of
the quintessential canine cognition task
我感觉就是这个任务
让犬类认知开始受到关注的
that I feel like
kind of put canine cognition on the map
大概是2000年代初期
back in the early 2000s.
小狗 你看呀
Puppy, look.
我们称之为物体选择测试
We call it an object choice test.
我们使用“超高科技”的塑料杯
We use our high-tech Solo cups.
这样就有两个地方可以藏
So there's two hiding options.
我们会在每个被子的底部贴上点心
We actually tape treats
into the bottom of each of the cups,
这样两边闻起来都有食物的味道
so both options smell like food.
如果它们选对了杯子
If they're choosing the correct cup,
就说明它们成功解读了
我们给出的交流信♥号♥♥
it's because they're using the commutative
cue that we're providing them.
接着 我就指向那个罩着食物的杯子
And then I simply point
to the one that the food is under.
好
Okay.
[laughter]
干得好！
[Bray] Good job!
实验得出的结论是
And what has been found
is that dogs, in general,
总体来说 狗很擅长跟随人类的指向…
at following a human point…
are really good
好
Okay.
选得好
太棒了！
-Good choice.
-Yes!
乖孩子！成功了！
乖孩子！
-Good boy! You got it!
-Good boy!
甚至比与我们最接近的
近亲大猩猩还要擅长
…even better than our closest
living relatives, the apes.
尽管我们的灵长类亲戚很聪明
[Hare] So, as smart
as our close primate relatives are,
倭黑猩猩啊 黑猩猩啊
bonobos, chimpanzees,
很出人意料的
有件事它们并不是很擅长
there's one thing
they're not very good at,
那就是理解
有人在善意地对它们做手势
which is understanding that when
someone gestures to them in a helpful way,
别人是想给你指引 帮助你
可它们并不明白
they're trying to direct you and help.
They don't really get it.
你选错啦！
You chose the wrong one!
这对人类成长是很关键的
That's something that's really crucially
important in human development.
因为人类婴儿 在9到12个月大时
And because human infants,
9 to 12 months of age,
我们开始理解别人的手势和指向
we start understanding
when somebody gestures or points,
我们知道顺着对方所指的方向
to follow the direction they're pointing,
我们可以学到什么东西
we could learn something
about what they're trying to show.
嘿 朝这边看 在哪里？
你能拿来吗？你能把球拿到吗？
Hey, lookie here. Where is it?
Can you get it? Can you get the ball?
嘿！干得好
Hey! Nice job.
你成功了
[Hare] You got it.
所有人类都能做到这一点
这对我们的成长至关重要
All humans can do this.
It's very important to our development.
可这些人类的近亲却做不到
But then these close relatives
can't really do that.
所以这让我们相信
So that then led us to believe, um,
或许狗身上有什么与众不同的
很重要的地方
that maybe there's something really
important that's different about dogs.
很好！
耶！
-[woman] Nice!
-[Bray] Yahoo!
这个指向测试
是犬类科学文艺复兴的开始
[narrator] This pointing test
was the beginning
of a dog-science renaissance,
这导致布莱恩·黑尔博士
and it led Dr. Brian Hare
创办了杜克大学的犬类认知中心
to start the Duke University
Canine Cognition Center.
好
[woman] Okay.
这是一个专门研究
狗的行为与心理的中心
[Hare] It is a center that's dedicated
to understanding dog behavior, psychology,
我们在努力研究
狗的思维是如何运作的
and we're trying to learn
how dogs' minds work.
好嘞！
[woman] Okay!
然后用我们的研究成果
更好地训练狗
[Hare] And then we're trying to use
what we learn to train them better
让它们长大以后
能更有效地执行各种任务
and have them raised
to do jobs more effectively.
在被赋予机会时
狗是有能力做出了不起的事的
[narrator] When given the chance,
dogs are capable of amazing things.
从追踪鲸鱼…
From tracking whales…
迪奥通过嗅鲸鱼便便的气味
为科学家们指路
[reporter 1] Dio guides scientists
to the whales by smelling their poop.
…到探索宇宙
[narrator] …to exploring the cosmos.
升空
[reporter 2] Liftoff.
甚至到竞选公职
[narrator] Even running for office.
麦克斯是一只金毛猎犬
[reporter 3] Max is a golden retriever.
我最喜欢的政客
是啊
-My favorite politician.
-Yeah.
他在这个风景如画的小镇
连续赢得了三次选举
[reporter 3] He's won
three consecutive elections
in this small, picturesque town.
但或许最了不起的
[narrator] But perhaps most amazing,
是那些将自己的一生
致力于帮助他人的狗
dogs who devote their lives
to helping people.
人们今天眼中的好狗
[Hare] What people view
as a great dog today
是服务犬被育种
教养和训练了一个世纪的结果
is what service dogs have been
bred and raised and trained to be
for a century.
人们可以从服务犬中学到许多
Folks have a lot to learn
from service dogs
自己应该如何养自己的狗
about how they might wanna raise
their own dog.
1986年 史努比的创造者
查尔斯·舒尔茨
[narrator] In 1986, Charles Schulz,
the creator of Snoopy,
帮助建立了“犬类伙伴”…
helped build Canine Companions…
[woman cheering]
（我的狗回家了！)
世上最大的服务犬学校
[narrator] …the world's largest
service-dog school.
他们每年要养大一千只小狗
They raise 1,000 puppies a year
在全国有六个校区
in six campuses across the country.
这些小狗已经八周大了
是时候去外面的世界了
These puppies are eight weeks old.
Time they head out into the world.
而它们的旅程
能告诉我们许多关于我们自己狗的事
And their journey
can tell us a lot about our own dogs.
八周大的小狗正处于
[woman 1] Eight weeks is a time
when puppies are at an age
适合开始自己独♥立♥的阶段
where it's good for them
to go and be independent.
它们之前一直在跟
母亲和兄弟姐♥妹♥们♥在一起培养感情
They've been bonding with their mom,
with their littermates.
让它们在这个阶段
开始与人类建立感情是至关重要的
It's really important that they start
bonding more with people at this stage.
来吧 小狗们！
[woman 2] Come on, puppies! Buh-buh-buh!
小狗们！
来吧 小狗们！
-[woman 3] Puppies!
-[woman 2] Come on, puppies!
通常到了八周大时
小狗会被送去幼犬饲育员那儿
[narrator] Typically, at eight weeks,
puppies go to a puppy raiser,
但这四只狗 要先去一个特别的地方
but these four puppies
are taking a special detour.
我们一直在跟杜克大学合作
[Kennedy] So we've been working
with Duke University.
我们会送
8周到20周大的小狗去杜克大学
We have puppies that go and stay at Duke
from 8 to 20 weeks of age,
在这段时期内
每几周就做一次认知测试
doing cognition tests repeatedly
every couple of weeks throughout the time.
[whimsical jazz music plays]
这些小狗要在天上飞2500英里
[narrator] These pups
are flying 2,500 miles
on a plane donated by a volunteer pilot
坐着一名志愿飞行员捐赠地飞机
去上幼犬园
to attend puppy kindergarten…
[barking]