终结一切战争：奥本海默和原子弹（2023）

他们居住的环境。
of the environment in which they live.
诺兰：她是一位学者，
NOLAN: She was an academic,
她是一位生物学家和植物学家，
and she was a biologist and a botanist,
最终，这项工作全部被搁置了
and ultimately, that work was all put to one side
在洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯的这些年。
for the years at Los Alamos.
我认为她非常沮丧
I think she was very frustrated
被置于
by being put in the position of
母亲和妻子，仅此而已。
a mother and a wife and nothing else.
科南特：她在洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯的表现并不出色。
CONANT: She did not thrive at Los Alamos.
这是一种孤独而艰难的生活。
It was a lonely and hard existence.
然后她就消失在瓶子里了。
And she disappeared into the bottle somewhat.
奥本海默因调制杜松子马提尼酒而闻名。
Oppenheimer was famous for mixing his gin martinis.
他说服他的科学家们在这一周内努力工作
He persuaded his scientists to work very hard during the week
并在周末尽情狂欢。
and to party hard on the weekends.
罗德斯：周日早上每个人都宿醉了，
RHODES: Everyone was hungover on Sunday morning,
但他们工作了很多，而且工作很努力，
but they worked a lot, and they worked hard,
他们一起工作。
and they worked together.
这主要是奥本海默的。
And that was largely Oppenheimer.
伯德：对于其中许多人来说，洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯是
BIRD: Los Alamos for many of these people were
他们一生中最重要的岁月。
the most momentous years of their lives.
他们感觉自己是某件事的一部分，
They felt part of something,
有意义且重要的事情的一部分。
part of something meaningful and important.
他们是由这个非常神秘的人领导的，
And they were led by this very enigmatic,
他们都很钦佩的奇怪、聪明、蓝眼睛的年轻人。
strange, bright, blue-eyed young man whom they all admired.
里德：我在洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯长大。
REID: I grew up at Los Alamos.
我父亲在曼哈顿计划期间来到洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯。
And my father came to Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project.
这是一个奇怪的居住地
It was a-a curious place to live
因为他们一天炸毁东西三次。
because they're blowing things up three times a day.
爆♥炸♥发生在10:00、12:00和3:00，
Explosions were at 10:00 and 12:00 and 3:00,
所以当你一年级的时候
so when you're in first grade,
这意味着课间休息、午餐和放学。
it means recess, lunch and school's out.
其实我们小时候，
We were actually, as little kids,
爆♥炸♥鉴赏家。
connoisseurs of explosions.
有一次，我问我的父亲，
And at some point, I asked my father,
“你、你在做什么？”
What-what are you doing?
他说：“好吧，我们正在做一些事情
And he said, Well, we're doing something
这是以前从未做过的。”
that has never been done before.
我想，“这一定很有趣，
I thought, That's got to be pretty interesting,
不管是什么。”
whatever it is.
CARR：实验室成立大约一年了，
CARR: We get about a year into the laboratory's existence,
我们发现它将会是
and we come to find that it's gonna be
比我们想象的要困难得多。
a lot harder than we thought.
每件小事都很难。
Every little thing is hard.
这些是一些非常复杂的机器。
These are some very complex machines.
核武器不是一个想法。
A nuclear weapon is not an idea.
把核武器想象成一百万个想法
Think of a nuclear weapon more as like a million ideas
它们必须结合在一起并完美地协同工作。
that have to come together and work perfectly together.
要制♥造♥原♥子♥弹♥，您需要其燃料。
To make an atomic bomb, you need the fuel for it.
卡尔：我们有钚，也有浓缩铀。
CARR: We have plutonium, and we have enriched uranium.
我们有两种不同类型的材料
We have two different types of material
我们将尝试使用。
that we're going to try and use.
钚是更好使用的材料。
Plutonium was the better material to use.
还会有更多。
There was gonna be more of it.
你需要更少的东西来制♥造♥炸♥弹♥
You needed less of it to make a bomb,
但引爆却更加困难。
and yet it was harder to detonate.
最初制♥造♥炸♥弹♥的方法称为枪♥支♥组装。
The initial way to make a bomb was called gun assembly.
是要拿两块材料
It was to take two pieces of material
并将它们猛击在一起...
and slam them together...
...引起临界质量和爆♥炸♥。
...causing a critical mass and an explosion.
如果你使用高浓缩铀那就没问题了。
And that was fine if you used highly enriched uranium.
但有一天，他们发现它不适用于钚。
But one day, they discovered it won't work with plutonium.
钚原来是如此活跃
The plutonium turned out to be so reactive
你无法将它点燃
that you couldn't fire it up a barrel
即使速度为每秒 3,000 英尺。
even at 3,000 feet per second.
它会失败。
It would fizzle.
它在到达桶中之前就会融化。
It would melt down before it got up the barrel.
诺里斯：这是一个巨大的震惊。
NORRIS: It was a great shock.
我的意思是，也许整个钚的事情都被浪费了，
I mean, maybe this whole plutonium thing had been wasted,
数亿美元用于开♥发♥钚。
hundreds of millions of dollars to develop plutonium.
韦勒斯坦：奥本海默心烦意乱，
WELLERSTEIN: Oppenheimer was distraught,
洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯心烦意乱。
and-and Los Alamos was distraught.
罗德斯：他考虑过辞职，他非常沮丧，
RHODES: He considered resigning, he was so depressed,
他实验室里的朋友们说，
and his friends at the laboratory said,
“你不能，罗伯特。
You can't, Robert.
“你必须留下来完成这项工作。
You've got to stay and finish this work.
这是必然发生的。 我们必须这么做。”
It's got to happen. We must do it.
然后——他不情愿地留下来了。
And-and reluctantly, he stayed.
新闻片旁白：……最高指挥下的战争
NEWSREEL NARRATOR: ...war under the supreme command of
德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔将军。
General Dwight D. Eisenhower.
盟军有近三百万兵力
Allied forces have nearly three million troops
为袭击而训练。
trained for the assault.
在通道的另一边...
On the other side of the channel...
...纳粹也知道
...the Nazis also know
盟军正在做什么准备，
what the Allied forces are preparing for,
他们正在做自己的准备。
and they are making preparations of their own.
伯德：奥本海默担心
BIRD: Oppenheimer feared
他仍在与德国人比赛。
he was still in a race with the Germans.
甚至直到 44 年夏天，
Even as late as the summer of '44,
他们没有真正的智慧
they had no real intelligence
关于他们在德国炸♥弹♥项目中的进展
about where they were on the German bomb project.
卡尔：所以，如果他们不解决钚问题，
CARR: And so, if they don't crack the plutonium problem,
他们可能没有及时拥有炸♥弹♥。
they may not have a bomb in time.
诺里斯：奥本海默将实验室改造成，你知道，
NORRIS: Oppenheimer shifted the laboratory into, you know,
全速恐慌模式。
full-speed panic mode.
韦勒斯坦：他们有一些想法
WELLERSTEIN: They had had some ideas
对于他们扔掉的其他类型的炸♥弹♥设计
for other types of bomb designs, which they had thrown around
在项目一开始
at the very beginning of the project
但由于它们看起来太难而被驳回。
but dismissed 'cause they seemed too difficult.
但其中之一被称为内爆。
But one of them was called implosion.
简而言之，内爆的工作方式是
The way implosion in a nutshell works was
他们有一个实心钚球，
they had a solid ball of plutonium,
只是它的一个实心球体，
just a solid sphere of it,
大约有垒球那么大，也许还要小一点。
about the size of a softball, maybe a little bit smaller.
里面装满了成吨♥的烈性炸♥药♥。
And this is encased by tons of high explosives.
而且这些烈性炸♥药♥真的是特制的，
And these high explosives are really specially made,
所以当它们爆♥炸♥时，它们就会结束
so that when they explode, they're gonna end up
将爆♥炸♥波聚焦到这个球上，
sort of focusing a blast wave onto this ball,
推顶部和推底部
pushing on the top and pushing on the bottom
并推动它的两侧。
and pushing on both sides of it.
每个角度都会被推到
Every angle of this is gonna be being pushed upon
具有很强的爆发力。
with a lot of explosive force.
你想做的就是获得这种压力
What you want to do is get this pressure
均匀挤压钚靶。
to squeeze the plutonium target evenly.
如果不对称的话，可能就行不通了。
If it were asymmetrical, it probably wouldn't work.
你必须足够快地承受足够的压力
You had to have enough pressure quickly enough
足够用力地将这些亚原子粒子粉碎在一起
to smash these subatomic particles together hard enough
让他们有这种惊人的反应。
to get them to have this a-amazing reaction.
韦勒斯坦：这确实很难做到。
WELLERSTEIN: This is really hard to do.
这的每一个方面都是一个几乎全新的问题。
Every aspect of this is an almost totally new problem.
这是一项可以受益于的技术
It is a technology that would have benefited from
又一个十年的发展。
another decade of development.
而他们没有那个。 他们度过了一年。
And they didn't have that. They had a year.
科南特：奥本海默夜以继日地工作
CONANT: Oppenheimer was working night and day
建造炸♥弹♥。
building the bomb.
随着项目规模的扩大，安全服务
And as the project grew in size, the security service
保护项目也有所增长。
protecting the project also grew.
尽管他受到爱戴和钦佩
And even though he was beloved and admired
大多数科学家
by most of the scientists
在洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯项目工作，
working at the Los Alamos project,
他受到了更大的怀疑
he had fallen under a greater veil of suspicion