与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

解读出三维的形状
in terms of three-dimensional shapes.
你看到两条铁轨在远处
As you see things like railroad tracks
汇聚在一起
converging in the distance,
实际上你是解读出了深度
you'll actually give a depth interpretation to that.
啊！
Ah!
唐的激进的结论是，我们的感觉
don's radical conclusion is that our senses
不是用来看清现实的真♥相♥的
aren't intended to see the truth of reality.
我们的感觉只是用来帮助我们找到伴侣、找到食物
Our senses do just enough to help us find mates, find food,
以及避免成为别人的食物的
and avoid becoming someone else's food.
是感知系统
It's the perceptual systems
让你活得长到可以生育
that allow you to stay alive long enough to reproduce.
活得长，才能把基因
Those are the ones whose genes get passed on
传递给下一代
to the next generation.
所以在这种意义上，这就很明了了
So, in that sense, it's quite clear.
感知，感知的进化
Perception and evolution of perception
是为了生孩子，没真♥相♥什么事儿
is about having kids, not about the truth.
地球上的每一个生物都只发展出了繁衍生息
Every creature on earth develops only the senses
所必需的感觉
it needs to survive and reproduce.
这些区域曾经是一块大得多的湿地
This region used to be a much bigger wetland
有着百万只蛙
with millions of frogs.
研究人员们相信，在蛙的眼中世界是这样的
This is how researchers believe the world looks to a frog.
如果事物不动
If things aren't moving,
青蛙基本上要麽看不见它们
the frog pretty much either doesn't see them
要麽无视它们
or is programmed to ignore them.
青蛙很幸运，它们很擅长捕捉
Luckily for the frog, it's great at detecting small objects
飞到它们跟前的小东西
flying around close enough to its tongue
饱餐一顿
to become a tasty meal.
青蛙看不见静止的物体，我们可以
We can see stationary objects that a frog can't,
但蝴蝶能看见的颜色，我们却不全能看见
but we don't see all the colors that a butterfly does,
蝙蝠听得到的声音频率
and we can't hear every frequency of sound
我们也不都能听见
that a bat can,
那麽问题来了，挖掘机技术哪家强？世界到底什么样？
which begs the question, what is the world really like?
我们看不到什么？
What are we not seeing?
想象一种你从没见过的颜色
Imagine a color you've never experienced before.
什么也没发生
Nothing happens.
如果你连
If we can't even do that,
一种没见过的颜色都想象不出来
just one new color that you've never experienced before,
关于客观现实的复杂性
we're really in the dark
我们可真是盲人摸象
about what the full complexity of objective reality might be.
我们的感觉是通向世界的一扇窗
So our senses are this wonderful window on the world,
同时也是一个牢笼，我们无法看到铁窗之外
but they're also a prison that we really can't see outside of.
我们不能完全相信感觉
We can't necessarily trust our senses,
但即使我们只能得到现实的简化版本
but even if we only grasp a simplified version of reality,
我们的记忆也能
surely, our memories
记录事情发生于何时何地
can keep track of where and when things happen.
或者这只是我们以为的
Or that's what we thought.
新的研究表明
New research suggests
我们的大脑诱使我们记错真♥相♥
that our brains trick us into misremembering the truth.
我们不可能记住发生在我们身上的
We can't possibly remember every single thing
每一件事
that happens to us,
但我们相信我们能保留住的记忆
but we trust the memories we do retain.
我们记得孩子出生的每个细节
We remember every detail about the birth of a child.
记得我们在什么地方和什么人吃了一顿重要的晚餐
We know where we had a special meal and whom we were with.
但如果有些记忆不是真实的呢？
But what if some of those memories aren't real?
如果是我们编造出来的呢？
What if we invented them?
或者……有人植入了这些记忆？
Or... Someone else implanted them?
这里是利根川进最喜欢的
This is Susumu Tonegawa's favorite spot
喝咖啡的地方
to enjoy a cup of coffee.
坐在这里也让这位麻省理工学院科学家想起了
And sitting here also reminds the M.I.T. scientist of the time
几英尺之外两辆车撞在一起的时候
two cars slammed into each other just a few feet away.
他跟朋友提起这起事故
He mentions the accident to his friend,
他的朋友却记得不是这样
but his friend remembers it differently.
我跟朋友争论一番
I had an argument with my friend,
他说“不不不
that he said, "no, no, no.
实际上，车祸发生在咱实验室前面”
Actually, car accident happened in front of our lab."
利根川進想的是，“いいえ、ちがいます”
Susumu thought, "no, that can't be right."
但我坚持认为，事故发生在咖啡馆门前
But I insisted accident happened in front of coffee shop.
随后，他意识到自己错了
And then, he realized his mistake.
我在回忆我和朋友
I was thinking of the conversation
边聊天边喝咖啡
I was having with my friend, drinking a coffee,
而实际上，车祸发生在实验室前面
when actually, car accident happened in front of our lab.
车辆相撞时，他和他的朋友
He and his friend were in front of the lab
正在实验室前面
when the cars collided,
但他正在想他们之前在咖啡馆
but his mind was on one of their previous conversations
的对话
at the coffee shop.
利根川进的大脑错误地把两个地点揉合在一起
Susumu's brain mistakenly combined the two locations
捏造出了新的记忆，实际上是假的
and created a new memory that is actually false.
作为一名获得过诺贝尔奖的科学家
As a Nobel laureate and a scientist
倾注了三十多年心力研究记忆
who's devoted three decades to understanding memory,
利根川进想知道这是怎么发生的
Susumu wanted to know how this could happen.
他和他的团队决定寻找错误记忆形成的
He and his team decided to look for physical evidence
物理证据
of false memories being formed.
在大脑中，我们叫作海马体的区域
In the brain, the area called the hippocampus
在这一类的记忆中扮演了至关重要的角色
plays a very crucial role in these types of memory.
如果你的海马体受到了损伤
If you have impairment in the hippocampus,
你就不能很好地形成情景记忆
then you cannot form memory of episode very well.
利根川进的研究集中于情景记忆形成时
Susumu's research centers on the physical changes
海马体中产生的物理变化
in the hippocampus when an episodic memory forms.
当我们经历一些事情，诸如目击一场车祸时
When we experience something, like witnessing a car accident,
海马体中的一小组神经元
it biochemically changes a small group of neurons
发生了生化变化
in the hippocampus.
神经科学家把这种变化叫做“印迹”
Neuroscientists call that changed group an engram.
它是储存记忆的物理踪迹
It is a physical trace of the stored memory.
这些存储的记忆有时会被我们看到的新的、相似的事情
That stored memory is sometimes triggered when we see something
所触发
that's new but similar.
一株孤零零的、庄严的松树也许会让我们想起
A lone, majestic pine tree may remind us of our first glimpse
数年前度假至埃菲尔铁塔时的惊鸿一瞥
of the Eiffel Tower during a vacation years ago.
利根川进发现，旧时的记忆
Susumu found that when old memories
被新的经历唤醒时
are activated by new experiences,
两者会发生混淆
both can become confused.
有时，旧时记忆印迹的神经元
Sometimes, the neurons of the old memory engram
会被物理连接到新形成的印迹上
become physically linked to the recently formed engram.
其结果就是不真实的记忆
The result is a false memory
错误地将两个事件结合在了一起
that mistakenly combines two events.
这让利根川进和他的同事们感到好奇
That got Susumu and his colleagues wondering,
是否有可能有意地创造虚假的记忆？
is it possible to intentionally create false memories?
他们用一只老鼠和两个笼子设计了一个实验
They devised an experiment with a mouse and two chambers.
老鼠在笼子甲里探索了几分钟之后
老鼠的脑中就产生了笼子甲的记忆
然后我们把老鼠转移到笼子乙
关于两个地点，老鼠形成了相隔离的记忆
The mouse forms separate memories for each location.
例如，笼子乙地面上有铁网
For example, chamber b has a wire floor,
笼子甲则没有
and chamber a does not.
利根川进开始在老鼠的脑中
Susumu then sets about locating each memory
定位两段记忆
in the mouse's brain.
老鼠的脑中
The mouse has a series
有一系列的有线监控活动
of tiny wires monitoring activity in its brain.
当利根川进把老鼠放在笼子甲中时
When he places the mouse in chamber a,
他就能精确找到笼子甲的记忆
Susumu can pinpoint the location of the chamber a memory.
但这些线也可以刺♥激♥神经元
But the wires can also stimulate neurons
发出小脉冲，对光线作出反应
to respond by emitting small pulses of light.
所以，当利根川进用光线照射那些神经元时
So whenever Susumu shines a light on those same neurons,
他就能激活老鼠待在笼子甲中的记忆
he can activate the mouse's memory of being in chamber a.
老鼠形成了笼子甲的记忆之后
Once the mouse has formed a memory of chamber a,
就会被放在铁网地面的笼子乙中
it's placed in the wire-floored chamber b.
利根川进作好了创造虚假记忆的准备
Susumu is ready to create the false memory.
在这个笼子中，我们给老鼠的脚板上施以轻微的电击
与此同时，我们激活笼子甲的记忆
电击虽无害，却也能让老鼠吓一跳
The shock is harmless but startling.
老鼠在笼子乙中受到电击时
Since the chamber a memory
笼子甲的记忆被激活了
is activated while the mouse receives the shock in chamber b,
这就产生了笼子甲和电击之间的联♥系♥
it creates an association between chamber a and the shock.
可以确定的是