与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

纵然网络世界让我们更易达成
Even though it makes us easier to reach,
它也提供了前所未有的匿名性
the online world also offers unprecedented anonymity.
一个新的身份只需敲几下键盘
A new identity is just a few keystrokes away.
这就产生了一种数字欺骗
This leads to a digital deception
叫做马甲谎言
known as the sock puppet lie.
马甲是一种身份欺骗
Sock puppet is identity deception,
你有了一个化身
where you have an alter-ego
可以表达你的立场
that can say things on your behalf
又没有人知道你是谁
without appearing like you.
你不是杰夫·汉考克，对吧？
You're not Jeff Hancock, are you?
嗯，不是我
No. Not me.
很好，我这本新书即将面世
Perfect, because I've got this new book coming out,
我很需要一个正面评论
and I really need a positive review.
- 你能帮帮我吗？ - 可以
- Could you help me out? - Yeah.
太好了，谢谢
Great, thanks.
难怪，我们很难决定
It's no wonder we have a hard time
在网上读到的东西有哪些可以相信
deciding what to believe of all that we read online.
有可能将真♥相♥从谎言中甄别出来吗？
Is it possible to sort truth from lie?
这就是杰夫下定决心去发现的
That's what Jeff decided to find out.
他从我们都怀疑过的
He started by looking at something
某个东西开始
we've all wondered about --
我们上网购物时看到的这些消费者评价
Those consumer reviews we see when we shop online.
是谁写的，我们能相信它们吗？
Who writes those, and can we trust them?
这里面有很大的风险
The stakes are huge.
世界各地每年在网上花掉的钱
Together, we spend trillions of dollars worldwide
有万亿美元的级别
on online sales every year.
杰夫检查了我们用于规划假期的宾馆评论
Jeff examined the hotel reviews we use to plan our vacations.
我们真的应该依赖陌生人的意见吗？
Should we really be relying on the opinions of strangers?
我找了一些人给我写假的评论
We had people write fake reviews for us,
支付他们相应的报酬
and we paid for them.
我们知道这是假的
We knew they were fake.
我们把这些同真实的评论相比较
We compared them to ones that were real.
我们从通过验证的网站上获取评论
So we took them from the verified sites,
然后比较它们的用词模式有何不同
and we looked at linguistic patterns and how they differed.
如果杰夫真的去过那里
If he'd actually been there,
他会用一种方式写下关于宾馆的评论
Jeff would write about the hotel in a certain way.
他会知道房♥间的每一个细节
He would know about every detail of the room.
一个真实的评论者会有真实的体验
A real reviewer will have a sense
床什么样，浴室什么样
of what the beds are like and the bathroom.
干不干净，淋浴小不小
Is it clean, is the shower small or not?
这一类的事情。因为他们在这一方空间中走过
That sort of thing, since they've experienced the space,
产生了真实的体验
their bodies moved through it.
但如果杰夫从来没去过那里
But if Jeff had never been to the hotel...
他就不会知道淋浴有没有发霉
He wouldn't know if there was mold in the shower
或者网速慢不慢
or if the Internet service was slow.
所以他就会写些别的东西
So he'd have to write about something else,
编出来的东西
something made up.
现在，我坐在家里用电脑写些假的评论
Now, me writing a fake review here in my home with my computer
就截然不同了
is completely different.
当一个假的评论者需要写东西的时候
When a fake reviewer has to write about something,
他们只能讲故事
they're going into storytelling.
我们在出差
We were on business.
他们就会讲故事，他们同谁在一起
So they'll tell stories about who they were with,
他们应该在做什么事
what they were supposed to be doing.
他们试图让人相信
They're trying to convince people.
杰夫和他的团队把他们雇人写的假评论
Jeff and his team compared the fake reviews
和经过证实的真实评论相对比
they had paid for with the verified truthful ones.
然后，他们研发出了一个测谎算法
Then, they developed a truth-or-lie algorithm
把那些容易泄密的词或短语作为目标
that zeroes in on telltale words and phrases.
这里我们可以看到，真实的评论
See here that ones that are true
一般都是，“房♥间很大”
are things like, "rooms were large,"
“这家更贵”，与此同时
and, "they were more expensive," whereas,
在假评论中
over on the deceptive one,
我们看到人们在聊自己
we can see people talking about themselves.
“我有一个预订”
"I had a reservation."
连篇累牍的“我”
Lot of instances of "i."
杰夫研究出了
Jeff has developed
关键词算法可供其他产生和服务使用
keyword algorithms for other products and services
发现了让人吃惊的结果
and discovered some surprising results.
人们倾向于认为大多数评论都是假的
People tend to think most reviews are fake,
但我们的评估表明并没有那麽多
and our estimation is that it's much lower than that.
大约只有5%到10%是假的
Like, maybe 5% to 10% are fake.
所以网上的评论是相当可靠的
So online reviews are pretty reliable.
一般的数字通讯又如何呢？
What about digital communications in general?
相比于传统的面对面交谈
Do we use our gadgets to lie more or less
我们耍小聪明说的谎是变多了还是变少了？
than in old-fashioned face-to-face talks?
像电子邮件这样的东西
Things like e-mail,
包含的谎言其实比人们想象的少很多
there's actually a lot less lying than people expect.
主要的原因，我认为，是因为邮件留有记录
The main reason, I think, is that there's a record.
我们在进化中学会交谈，交谈的内容转瞬即逝
We evolved to talk and have it disappear,
现在我们身处一个崭新的时代
and now we're in a radically new era.
如果我给你写一封邮件
If I write you an e-mail,
不止我自己留下了一份记录
not only have I created a record for myself,
你也有一份
I've given you a record.
这份记录可以被拷贝
That record can be copied.
可以被搜索，可以被分享
It can be searched. It can be shared.
于是数字格式的说谎
And so telling a lie in a digital format
带来了前所未有的潜在风险
comes with substantial risks that we've never,
这种风险我们在以往的交流中不需要担心
as a set of communicators, ever had to worry about before.
杰夫发现，短♥信♥中的谎言更多
Jeff found a little more lying in texting,
在非正式的通讯中我们用短♥信♥比电子邮件更多
which we use for more informal communication than e-mail.
只要话语不需要写下来
And as soon as the written words disappear,
更多的谎言重新出现了
more lies reappear.
我们发现人们用手♥机♥
What we find is that it's the phone
说谎的时候比较多
where people lie a lot.
在每一项研究中
That's -- every study,
总是在手♥机♥上看到更多的谎言
it's always on the phone where you see the most lies.
根据杰夫的说法
According to Jeff,
当我们面对面交谈的时候
we lie the most when we ditch our gadgets altogether
我们耍的心眼、撒的谎更多
and talk to each other face-to-face.
为什么？
Why?
也许因为我们十分不善于看穿谎言
Perhaps because we are really bad at spotting lies.
但是一个新的设备可以帮助我们每次都能发现说谎者
But a new device may help us catch a liar every time.
你觉得你能看穿一个说谎者？
Think you can spot a liar?
你也许在寻找某些玄机
Oh, you may look for certain tells,
面部表情，反常的说话语气，奇怪的身体语言
facial expression, unusual tone of voice, awkward body language.
别自欺欺人了同志们
But let's not kid ourselves, folks.
想要辨别一个人是不是在说谎是很难的
It can be hard to tell if someone is lying.
技术能否还原真♥相♥，如常言道
Could technology restore truth to the expression,
“眼睛是心灵的窗子”？
"the eyes are the window to the soul"?
犹他大学的学生打算从一间学校办公室中
This university of Utah student is looking to swipe some money
窃取一些钱财
from a campus office.
他找到了机会
And he just found his chance.
他不担心区区20美金
He's not worried about throwing away his future
会毁掉他的前程
for a measly 20 bucks...
因为这是“不可能的任务”实验中的一部分
...because it's all part of a "mission: Impossible" experiment
由精神生理学家约翰·基尔舍提出
dreamed up by psychophysiologist John Kircher.
约翰在过去的30年中一直在研究谎言
John has spent the last 30 years studying lies,
他的实验被用于测试一项设备
and this experiment is designed to test a device
也许有朝一日可以让说谎变得不可能
that may one day make lying impossible.
今天，有两名受试学生
Today, there are two test subjects.
约翰不知道两人中
John doesn't know if one,
会有几个会实施偷钱的行为
both, or neither of them will steal any money.
受试者接到秘密的特工风格的指令
The subject receives secret agent-style instructions,
一个神秘的信封
a mysterious envelope,
以及计算机合成的声音的命令
and directions from a computerized voice.
在这项实验中你是一个无辜的参与者
You are an innocent participant in this experiment.
回到实验室之前
Please wait outside the building for 20 minutes
请在楼外等候20分钟
before returning to the lab.
另一名学生接收到了一项邪恶的任务
The other student receives a diabolical assignment.