与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

他们会更仔细地观察
they take a closer look.
但是在我们的计算机上分♥析♥这些信♥号♥♥
But analyzing the signal on one of our computers
不足以释放外星的病毒
wouldn't be enough to unleash an alien virus.
研究者们需要运行这些代码
Researchers would have to run the code.
我们得得到这些数据
We have to take that data,
然后在计算机上运行它们
and we have to run it on a computer.
这就好像敲开一个彩蛋
And that's sort of akin to opening one of these eggs.
先进的外星黑客也许注意到了
Advanced alien hackers would probably notice,
他们也许知道有另一种方式进入我们的网络
and they'd likely know there's another way into our networks,
不依赖于我们中的某个人是否决定
a way that wouldn't be dependent on a decision by one of us
运行他们的代码
to run their code.
地球上的几百个无线电天线被专门
Hundreds of radio antennas on earth are specifically
设计用于相互交换计算机代码
designed to exchange computer code with each other
并立即运行这些程序
and immediately run those programs.
一个信♥号♥♥从其他的物种
A signal that was sent by another species
发送到那些天线之一
to one of those antennas
可以以同样的方式被接受并执行
could be received and executed in the same way
执行接受到的人类传输的代码
that it executes code that it receives from --
的方式
From human transmissions.
实际上，外星代码
In fact, an alien code
也许已经在这里了，不被察觉地运作在我们的网络中
could already be here, operating undetected in our networks.
病毒或者木马的整体思想就是
The whole idea of a virus or a trojan horse is to --
就是在计算机
Is to run some code
或者网络上跑一些
on a computer or on a computer network
无人了解的代码
that no one knows anything about.
它们偷偷摸摸地运行着自己
It -- it runs itself, uh, surreptitiously under the radar.
人类黑客已经知道，有可能
Human hackers have already shown it's possible
长♥期♥地隐藏计算机病毒
to hide computer viruses for long periods.
震网病毒
The stuxnet virus,
秘密地由美国和以色列开♥发♥
developed in secret by the U.S. and Israel,
在伊朗的一个核设施网络
lurked in the network of an Iranian nuclear facility
潜伏了超过一年，缓慢地损坏着数百台伊朗离心机
for over a year, slowly damaging hundreds of Iranian centrifuges.
病毒向电厂的控制室发送信♥号♥♥
The virus sent signals to the plant's control room,
表明一切如常
indicating everything was normal,
直到离心机最终在2010年损毁
until the centrifuges finally broke in 2010.
先进文明的程序可以不被察觉地
A program from an advanced civilization could go unnoticed
运行更长的时间，造成更大的破坏
for much longer and be far more destructive.
我们也许能够识别它，因为它可能会是一段
We might be able to recognize it because it would be a --
计算机代码
A piece of computer code
而我们还从未见识过，因为它是由一个
that we had never seen before that was devised by a --
完全不同的物种设计出来的
A completely different species.
外星程序是否已经存在于我们的技术中
Could aliens programs already be inside our technology,
在网络上酝酿着一场攻击？
preparing an attack on our networks?
或者还有一种更可怕的可能性
Or is there perhaps an even more unnerving possibility?
外星生命自身就存在于我们的网络中
The aliens themselves may be in our networks
以一种数字的形态
as digital life-forms.
如果是这样，这个人相信他知道如何找到他们
If so, this man believes he knows how to find them.
外星访问者是否已经来到了地球上？
Could alien visitors have already arrived on earth?
也许他们已经来了
Perhaps they have,
只是我们没有认出他们
and we just don't recognize them.
也许他们并不是血肉之躯，也没有思想
Maybe they aren't made of flesh and blood or metal
也不是什么我们能触碰到的东西
or anything we can touch.
说不定外星人是数字生命的形式呢？
What if aliens are digital life forms?
密西根州立大学的克里斯·阿达米
Chris adami of Michigan state university
是一位进化生物学家，同时也是计算机科学家
is an evolutionary biologist and a computer scientist.
他研究我们与知道的生命形式
He studies the border between life as we know it
和可能的生命形式之间的界线
and life as it might be.
我们想做的是，给出一个定义
What we really want to do is have a definition
不依赖于我们在地球上
that does not depend on the very specifics
遇见的物种的细节
of the form of life that we encounter here on earth.
生命是什么？
What is life?
字典会告诉你，生命包括了新陈代谢、生长
The dictionary will say it involves metabolism, growth,
应激反应，以及繁殖
reaction to stimuli, and reproduction.
所以植物和动物显然都是有生命的
So plants and animals are obviously alive.
但是机器人呢？
But what about a robot?
我们可以想象这样的机器人是有生命的
We could imagine a robot like that to be alive if,
如果它们不仅能建造另一个这样的机器人
in fact, it could not only build another robot just like it
而且，还可以
but also, in fact,
生成程序的拷贝，并插入到
makes copies of the programming and inserts
它生出来的机器人宝宝里
that into the baby robot that it makes.
如果它这样做
If it is doing that,
它就能够创造机器人的种群
it will be able to create a population of robots.
但这东西并不是真的有生命的
But this thing is actually not alive.
是建造工厂的人写出了它的程序
It was programmed by the people who built this plant.
它没有能力让自身一直存在下去
It does not actually have the capacity to self-perpetuate.
因为机器人的操作指令
Because a robot's operating instructions
来自于外部的实体
come from an outside entity,
它不能独♥立♥地去适应或者进化
it can't adapt or evolve on its own.
但这并不意味着人造的东西
But that doesn't mean that something artificial
不能有生命
can't be alive.
克里斯相信外星数字生命形式
Chris believes alien digital life forms
可以做我们能做的任何事——消耗资源
could do everything we do -- Consume resources,
繁殖，进化，全在计算机中完成
reproduce, evolve, all inside a computer.
他知道这一点，是因为他和他的同事们
He knows because he and his colleagues
创造出了这样的生物
created organisms just like that.
他们的数字生物
Their digital organisms
生活在叫做阿维达的虚拟环境里
live in virtual environment called avida.
每一个点，都是一个“阿维达人”
Each dot is an avidian.
不同的颜色代表了不同的物种
Different colors represent different species.
他们更像是计算机病毒
They're more like computer viruses
可以复♥制♥，制♥作♥自身的副本
that can replicate and make copies of themselves
但它们与病毒并不一样，其特殊之处在于
except these are special in the sense that,
他们制♥作♥自身的副本时
when they make copies of themselves,
可能得到有缺陷的副本
they might make flawed copies,
可以认为是变异
in a sense of mutations.
所以这些副本可以用达尔文的方式进化
So these copies can actually evolve in a darwinian manner,
和培养皿中的进化如出一辙
just like it would be doing in a petri dish.
只是在这种情况下，他们是数字的生物
But in this case, they are digital organisms.
任何物种的生存
The survival of any species
都要依赖于合适的变异率
depends on having just the right rate of mutations.
零变异率意味着阿维达人只能复♥制♥自己
Zero mutations would mean avidians could only copy
永远不能进化
themselves and never evolve.
但是变异太多，新的版本
With too many mutations, the new version
就不是程序了，而只是随机的数据位
would no longer be a program, just random bits of data.
克里斯编写的虚拟生物程序
Chris programmed his virtual organisms
每一代都会发生变异
to mutate every generation.
换句话说，阿维达人会进化
In other words, avidians evolve.
我站在格子中，这将帮助我们
I'm standing in the middle of a grid that is going to help
理解阿维达人的原理
us understand how avida works.
我将扮演数字生物的角色
And I'm gonna be playing the role of digital organisms.
我将会像这样做
And I'm gonna do it like this.
我穿的这些不同颜色的衣服
The different color shirts
代表不同的数字生物
that I wear represent different digital organisms.
格子代表着阿维达人竞争时
The grid represents a limited amount
计算机处理能力的限制
of computer processing power over which the avidians compete.
阿维达被设计用于奖励复杂的运算
Avida is designed to reward complex calculations,
我们用动作来表示
which we can represent with movements.
作出一个简单、无用的动作
Make a simple fairly useless movement,
像是举起一只手臂
like raising one arm,
程序不会复♥制♥
and the program doesn't replicate.
做出一个复杂、有用的动作
Make a complex, useful movement,
像是站起身来
like going from sitting to standing,
程序就会复♥制♥自身
and the program can copy itself.
同一个程序的副本越多
The more copies of the same program there are,
他们就能获得越多的计算资源
the more computing power they can grab.
正如真实的生命一样，通过不断的试验和错误
Just like real life, avidians pick up new movements
阿维达人学会了新的动作及其组合
and new combinations through trial and error.
从坐着到跳起来是非常复杂的动作
Going from sitting to jumping is a highly complex movement.
这代表了复杂的运算
That represents a complex calculation.
你从简单的运算开始
You start with simple calculation,