与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

But one neuroscientist says it's not that simple.
种族刻板印象绑♥架♥了我们的潜意识
Racist stereotypes hijack our subconscious minds.
神经科学家乔恩·弗里曼相信
Neuroscientist Jon Freeman believes
我们的潜意识中都携带着刻板印象
that we all carry around stereotypes in our subconscious.
事实上，在你看到另一个人的脸的一瞬间
In fact, the instant you see another person's face,
你的大脑首先感知到的，就是关于他们的种族
your brain first perceives them as a stereotype of their race,
性别，以及性取向的刻板印象
gender, or sexual orientation.
所以，当你第一眼看到一个年轻的亚洲学生
So when you first lay eyes on a young Asian student,
她可能会表现为
she might register as...
一个典型的学霸
The stereotypical Asian overachiever...
但仅仅在片刻之间
But only for an instant.
我们对别人做出的草率判断的方式
The way we make snap judgments about others is
完全政♥治♥不正确
nowhere near politically correct.
无论你喜不喜欢
Whether you like it or not,
一个整洁考究的男人可能会触发
a well-groomed man may first trigger
你潜意识中的陈腐的印象
a stale stereotype in your subconscious mind...
直到你的意识纠正了你
Until your conscious mind corrects you.
乔希想确切地弄明白
Jon wants to understand precisely
为什么第一印象会召唤出这些陈腔滥调
why first impressions conjure up clichés.
打扰一下，乔恩？
Excuse me. Jon?
我是个温顺的白妹子哦
I'm a docile white girl.
他也在试图弄清，我们是否有办法
And he wants to learn if there's a way for us
看穿这些陈腔滥调
to see through these clichés.
在几百毫秒的时间里
It takes hundreds of milliseconds
这些判断就会结晶、成形
for that judgment to sort of crystallize and form,
这一过程中发生了很多事情
and a lot happens during that process.
我们才刚刚开始理解
And we are only beginning to understand
这些暗示可能是什么
what the implications of that might be.
乔恩使用脑部扫描仪来确切地查明
Jon uses brain scanners to determine exactly
在那一秒钟的感知里
what is going on in the brain
我们的大脑里发生了什么
during the first fraction of a second of perception,
在我们还远远没有意识到
long before we are consciously aware
我们所看到的是什么的时候
of what we're looking at.
大脑就像是一间办公室
The brain is like an office,
两张办公桌承担了面部分♥析♥的大部分工作
where two key desks handle most of the face-analyzing workload,
纺锤状脸部区域
the fusiform face area...
和眼窝前额皮质
And the orbitofrontal cortex.
当一个视觉信♥号♥♥到达时
When a visual signal arrives,
这两张“办公桌”各行其道
they both get to work simultaneously to process it
同时进行处理这个信♥号♥♥的工作
in their own specialized ways.
纺锤状脸部区域
The fusiform face area is
获取视觉信息
involved in taking visual information
并形成身份的连贯表达
and forming a coherent representation
比如这张脸的性别
of the identity and, say, the gender
以及种族
and the race of the face.
但是在另一边，眼窝前额皮质
But across the way, the orbitofrontal cortex is
注重于将这张脸与它关于这个世界的全部知识
focused on associating that face with all the knowledge it has
结合起来
about the world.
眼窝前额皮质不知不觉间
The orbitofrontal cortex is retrieving
自发地提取出全部的联想
all of the associations spontaneously without awareness.
当眼窝前额皮质看到一张黑哥哥的脸时
When it sees a black man's face,
它会很快地查找
the orbitofrontal cortex quickly looks up
大脑中关于黑哥哥们全部的信息
all the general information the brain has about black men,
包含多种刻板印象，并且修改视觉信♥号♥♥
including many stereotypes, and alters the visual signal.
所以，一些大脑区域会说服另一些区域
So, some brain regions can sort of convince other brain regions
与自己保持一致
to be in line with them.
因此，刻板印象会绑♥架♥
Because of this, stereotypes can hijack
来自我们眼睛的信♥号♥♥
the signal from our eyes...
并且改变我们的感知
And change what we perceive.
当受试人看到
When test subjects look
一个面无表情的黑人时
at a black male with a neutral expression,
他们的大脑会立刻点亮
their brains immediately light up
就像他们在感知愤怒一样
as if they are perceiving anger.
即使他们意识不到
And even though they don't realize it,
当他们看到一个面无表情的白人女性时
when they look at a white female with a blank gaze,
他们的大脑会立即作出快乐的反应
their brain's instant reaction is to perceive happiness.
乔恩所研究的全部大脑中，都发生了这些刻板印象
These stereotypes take place in all of the brains Jon studied,
与性别、种族、性取向都没有关系
no matter their gender, race, or sexual orientation.
这些偏见会很快地
These prejudiced thoughts are quickly snuffed out
被意识所扼杀
by the conscious mind,
但这并不意味着它们是无害的
but that doesn't mean that they're harmless.
这些刻板印象实际上可以结束冲击行为
Those stereotypes can actually wind up impacting behavior.
举个例子
So, for example,
如果人们无意地看到非裔美国人脸
if individuals unconsciously see African-American faces
看起来比实际上轻微地多一点怒气
as being slightly more angry than they are,
这很有可能在自发的层面上影响
that's probably going to impact how much they approach
他们是接近或者避开那个人
or avoid that individual at a spontaneous level.
如果我们认识到，我们都有这些偏差的倾向
If we recognize that we are all prone to these biases,
或许我们可以补偿
maybe we can compensate...
并且避免非故意的偏见行为
...and avoid unintended acts of prejudice.
但一位生物学家正在试图走得更远一步
But one biologist is attempting to go one step further
去操纵动物的头脑
to manipulate animal minds...
消除它们的偏执
And override their bigotry.
刻板印象是大脑节约时间之道
A stereotype is the brain's way of saving time.
它看到人或者物体
It looks at people or objects
可以快速以对他们作出判断
and makes quick decisions about them.
谁会愿意吃这麽恶心的东西
Who'd want to eat this disgusting thing?
但是这些心中的捷径会引导我们误入歧途
But these mental shortcuts can lead us astray.
嗯
Mmm.
好吃啊
Delicious.
我们能不能透过外表
Can we look beyond appearances
看到真实的人们？
and see people for who they really are?
神经科学家佩吉·梅森知道
Neuroscientist Peggy Mason knows
完成每天的例行公事
that getting through her daily routine
需要用刻板印象看待一切
requires looking at everything as a stereotype.
装着刚摘的蔬菜的篮子
A basket of freshly plucked vegetables is
是一个菜篮子
a vegetable basket.
菜篮子装菜
Vegetable baskets contain vegetables.
不是吗？
don't they?
我们对万物作出期望
We make expectations about everything,
它们铺平了道路
and they smooth the way.
它们是捷径
They're shortcuts.
它们让我们的生活更快、更简单
They make our life happen much faster and much more easily.
失去了刻板印象
Without the ability to stereotype,
我们做的任何事都要消耗巨大的精力
everything we do would take enormous mental effort
才能理解
to understand.
任何事情都不是理所当然的
We could take nothing for granted.
我们世代都在依赖刻板印象
We have relied on stereotyping for eons
来快速地将我们和外人区分开来
to quickly tell our tribe from outsiders.
刻板印象造成的所有伤害
For all the hurt that stereotyping causes,
对于我们大脑工作的方式来说都是根本的
it's fundamental to how our brains work.
所以，我们更可能去帮助最亲近的人
So, we're more likely to help those closest to us,
而对于完全陌生的人
and for complete strangers
那些我们甚至从没见过的人
that we've never even seen the likes of,
我们就不太可能帮助他们
we're not so likely to help them.
佩吉想知道我们有没有办法
Peggy wanted to see if there might be a way
让大脑克服这些偏差
to get the brain to overcome these biases.
我认为我们人类的行为
I think that we humans act in part
是由于我们分享了哺乳动物生物学的一部分
due to our shared mammalian biology,
我还认为我们可以在人类的现代社会中
and I think that we can increase social cohesion
增加社会凝聚力
in modern society amongst humans.
她从一个大脑比我们小的哺乳动物开始
She began with a mammal that has a simpler brain than ours...
嘿，小家伙儿们，你们怎么样啊？
Hey, little guys. How you doing?
还不错嘛小哥
You're okay, little buddy.
鼠这种生物
...The rat, a creature who typically
通常只把自己的同种当作目标
only aids members of its own strain.
佩吉在实验中
Peggy's experiment involves
暂时地将一只老鼠困在一个塑料的管子里
temporarily trapping a rat in a plastic tube.
管子只有一个出口
The tube has just one way out,
需要通过一个只有另一只老鼠才能打开的门
through a door that can only be opened by another rat.
当同种的另一只小鼠被添加到实验中时