与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

我最喜欢的电视节目更新了，呃，我得去看
My favorite TV show just came on and, uh, so I have to go.
多谢大家
Uh, thank -- Thank you, guys.
拜拜
Bye-bye.
没有人会喜欢你
Nobody's gonna like you.
你也可以换种方式
Or you can do it differently.
你可以编一个善意的谎言说“哦，你们知道吗
You basically tell a white lie by saying, "oh, you know,
我不太舒服，得去躺一会儿”
I don't feel very good. I have to lie down."
抱歉了各位
Sorry, guys.
我突然不太舒服
I suddenly don't feel very well.
我恐怕得进去躺一会儿
I probably have to go in and lie down.
啊……需要水不？
Uh... Oh, do you need water?
所以你得有能够知道什么时候
So you really have to be able to know when is the time
该说真话
to tell the truth
什么时候不该
and when is not a good time to tell the truth.
一个善意的小谎言不会伤害任何人
A little white lie doesn't hurt anyone.
但有些人总是不停扭曲事实
But some people can't stop twisting the truth, no matter
不管结果会给他人或自己带来多大的伤害
how damaging the consequences to others or themselves.
对这些人来说，说谎是病，得治
For them, dishonesty is a disease.
是什么把这些病理性的骗子
What separates these pathological liars
同我们区分开呢？
from the rest of us?
查尔斯·胖子从20世纪初就开始
Charles Ponzi began lying to his investment clients
向他的投资客户说谎，即便他在他三次
in the early 1900s, and he couldn't stop,
因欺诈而入狱之后，仍然停不下来
even after he'd been to prison three times for fraud.
18世纪的记者丹尼尔·笛福
18th-century journalist Daniel Defoe
编造了许多不实的报道
invented as many facts as he reported
并因诽谤而服刑
and did time for slander.
是什么驱使一些说谎者达到了病理的层面？
What drives some liars to reach pathological levels of deceit?
洛杉矶儿童医院的心理学家
That's what Yaling Yang, a psychologist
杨亚玲（音），想要弄清其原委
at children's hospital Los Angeles, wants to find out.
我们找出他们的陈述中不一致的地方
We start to spot inconsistency between their statement.
即使他们知道我们拥有其他的数据
Even when they know that we have other data,
包括官方的犯罪记录
including official criminal records,
他们还是会说谎
they still lie.
亚玲和她的同事们
Yaling and her colleagues
想知道病理说谎者的大脑
wondered if there might be physical differences
和正常人的大脑之间
between the brains of pathological liars
是否存在差别
and the brains of average people.
大脑把我们的记忆和知识
The brain stores our memories and knowledge
储存在灰质细胞中
in gray matter cells,
但是另外一种神经元，白质细胞
but another type of neuron, the white matter cell,
在那些信息之间建立联♥系♥
creates connections between all that information.
当我们讲一个故事的时候，不管它是不是真实的
Whenever we tell a story, whether it's true or not,
我们都需要从大脑中不同区域的灰质细胞中
we have to gather details from gray matter cells
获取细节
in different parts of the brain.
这就像是书海拾贝
It's like gleaning information from a series of books.
书就是灰质，充满知识
The books are the gray matter, filled with the knowledge
你需要把它们组装成可信的故事
that you need to fit together into a compelling narrative.
连接书与书的过道则是白质
The aisles that lead from book to book are the white matter.
想象一下去书店找10本不同的书
Imagine going to a bookstore to get 10 different books
它们分散在
that are scattered
书店的各个区域
across different areas of the bookstore.
有多条通道引领你去找书
Having multiple pathways that lead you to the books
能帮助你简单、快速地找到书
will help you get to the books more easily and quickly.
人脑以相似的方式起作用
The human brain works in a very similar fashion.
当你的大脑不同的部分之间
When you have more connections
有更多的连接的时候，检索重要的信息
between various parts of the brain, that will make it
就变得更加容易
easier for you to retrieve important information.
举例来说，有一个朋友
For example, let's say a friend
问亚玲昨天晚饭吃了什么
asks Yaling what she had for dinner yesterday.
为了说真话
To tell the truth,
她需要检索几小块信息
she only has to gather a few pieces of information.
她在家吃了意大利麪和沙拉
She ate spaghetti and a salad at home.
说谎要更难一些
But lying is harder.
亚玲必须忽视真♥相♥
Yaling would have to ignore the truth
现编一个在五星级酒店
and cook up a story about a five-star restaurant
吃了六道菜的故事
and a six-course meal,
特殊的场合以及昂贵的香槟
a special occasion and expensive champagne.
一旦她略作迟疑，她的谎言就会被发现
If she hesitates at any point, her lie will be discovered.
她需要良好的通道在话题之间全速前进
She needs good pathways so she can race from topic to topic,
获取她需要的信息
grabbing the information she needs.
因为说假话比说真话需要更多的
Since lying requires a lot more information gathering
信息收集
than telling the truth,
亚玲和她的同事们推测
Yaling and her colleagues conjectured that the brains
病理说谎者的大脑拥有更多的白质通道
of pathological liars might have more white matter pathways.
脑部扫描证明了他们是正确的
Brain scans proved them right.
与健康的个体相比，说谎者大约
Liars have about 25% increase in white matter
多出了25%的白质
compared to healthy individuals.
所以更多的白质使得信息
So having more white matter allows all this information
得到更快的检索和使用
to be retrieved and be used in a much faster way.
亚玲还发现，病理说谎者
Yaling also found that pathological liars
比正常人的灰质少了14%
have 14% less gray matter than average people.
灰质储存我们的记忆
Gray matter stores our memories,
但它还有另外一项功效
but it also has another function --
它能控制我们鲁莽的冲动
It controls our reckless impulses.
灰质在冲动控制方面起到了
Gray matter plays a very important role
非常重要的作用
in impulse control.
所以这种灰质的减少
So this kind of reduction in gray matter
有可能促成了病理说谎者冲动控制
is likely to contribute to the lack of impulse control
能力的缺失
in pathological liars.
病理说谎者可以像其他人一样
Pathological liars can easily ruin their own lives,
可以轻易地毁掉自己的生活
as well as others'.
我们对他们为什么说谎有了更深的了解
Perhaps now that we know more about what makes them lie,
也许就能研发出帮助他们停下来的治疗方法
we can develop therapies to help them stop.
没有这种信息
Without that information,
就很难对这种破坏行为
it will be very difficult to develop any kind
开♥发♥出任何的干涉与治疗
of intervention or treatment for this very damaging behavior.
但不正是科技
But isn't technology
使得我们更容易欺骗其他人了吗？
making it easier for us to deceive one another?
有没有一种办法，在线地判断出
Is there a way to tell what's true
什么是真的，什么是假的？
and what's not online?
这位信息科学家开♥发♥了一种方法找到答案
This information scientist has developed a way to find out.
现代化的设备似乎让说谎变得比从前更加容易
Our modern devices appear to make lying easier than ever.
毕竟，没有人看到屏幕后面的我们
After all, no one can see us behind a screen.
今天的科技开辟了新型的生活
Today's technology has ushered in a new breed of lie.
称作数字欺骗
It's called digital deception.
信息时代，实际上是“虚假信息”时代吗？
Is the information age really the disinformation age?
康奈尔大学的信息科学家杰夫·汉考克
Information scientist Jeff Hancock at Cornell university
正在检查高科技谎言与老办法
is examining the differences between high-tech lies
之间的差异
and the old standbys.
在过去，如果我想打电♥话♥请病假
If I wanted to call in sick, in the old days,
我得做好准备，装出生病的声音
I'd need to psych myself up and get my sick voice on.
嗨
Yeah, hi.
非常抱歉
I'm really sorry.
我今天很不舒服，得请个假
I'm -- I'm too sick to come in today.
对
Yeah.
如今，我们可以敲下一条感觉生病了的消息
Nowadays, we can type a message about feeling sick,
不用说话，不需要语言之外的声音线索
no voice, no vocal cues, no nonverbal cues.
点击发送，谎就撒完了
Hit send, and my lie's done.
一些数字欺骗已经变得如此普遍
Some digital deceptions have become so common
杰夫和他的团队给它们起了名字
that Jeff and his team gave them names.
我们总能见到的一种文字消息谎言
One of the things we saw on text messages
我们叫做管家谎言
all the time was a lie we call the Butler lie.
我们曾有一种职业，其职责就是作一道缓冲
We used to have people that would act as that buffer,
在你和想进来和你聊天的人之间
and they would provide that physical buffer
的一道物理的缓冲
between you and the world trying to get in and talk to you.
我们现在都有数字的管家
Now we all have digital butlers.
人们常说，“我在路上”，然而实际上
People say, "well, I'm on my way," when, in fact,
他们还没上路，人们还说，“没电了”，因为我们发现
they're not, or, "my battery was dead," because what we realized
这可以提供一道缓冲
is they're providing a buffer between that person
以免整个世界每时每刻都能联♥系♥到你
and the fact that the world can contact them pretty much 24/7.