与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

or even take viewpoints that are opposed
相反的观点
to our very core of morality.
但是很难想象每一个人都同意
But it's hard to imagine everyone agreeing
玩产生罪恶感的游戏
to play guilt-inducting video games.
并且总是会有反♥社♥会♥者
And there will always be sociopaths
他们偏执的观点像病毒一般
whose bigotry spreads through society
传播到整个社会
like a deadly virus.
我们对不宽容太宽容了吗？
Could it be that we're just too tolerant of intolerance?
如果我们隔绝那些最坏的罪犯，会怎么样？
What would really happen if we cut off the worst offenders?
我们能够做到吗？
Could we ever do it?
在过去的这个世纪里
In the past century,
我们破除了很多隔离我们的壁垒
we've broken down a lot of walls that divided us.
更多的社会群体被主流社会所接纳
More social groups have been accepted into the mainstream.
种族隔离和偏见不再支配这片大地
Segregation and prejudice are no longer the laws of the land.
但仍然有这麽多人觉得自己更加优越
But there are still those who think they're superior
因为自己的肤色、年龄和性别
because of their skin color, their age, or their gender.
也许有个方法可以
There may be a way to deal
处理这些人的偏执
with these bigots and their bigotry --
在他们之间筑起高墙
Build walls around them.
社会学家尼古拉斯·克里斯塔基斯正在
Sociologist and physician Nicholas christakis is taking
放眼鸟瞰人类社会
a bird's eye view of human society.
在他的眼里
From his perspective,
偏执狂在一个社交网络里滋生
when bigots flourish in a social network,
一定程度上是群体本身的错误
it is partly the fault of the group itself.
我们嵌入在这些网络中
So we're embedded in these networks.
我们的为人处世受到
How we act in the world is affected
我们认识的人的行为
by how the people we know act
甚至我们不认识的人所影响
but also even by how people we don't know act
事情在网络中传播
as things ripple through the network
对我们产生影响
and come to affect us.
尼古拉斯和他长♥期♥的同事詹姆斯·福勒
Nicholas and long-time collaborator James Fowler are
正在研究社会联♥系♥是如何
studying how social connections change the behavior
改变群体的整体行为的
of the group as a whole.
如果你在这些人中间添加联♥系♥
When you add these ties between people,
特定数量、特定模式的联♥系♥
the particular number of ties, the particular pattern of ties
然后赋予这个群体
then confers on the group
以前未必具备的性质
properties it didn't necessarily have before.
模式和连线什么的
Patterns and wiring matter.
联想一下因特网
Think of the Internet.
它是由计算机组成了高度动♥态♥网♥络
It's a highly dynamic network of computers.
如果一个区域瘫痪了
If one area goes down,
数据简单地绕过这个障碍
the data simply move around the blockage.
但电网就脆弱得多了
But the electrical grid is more vulnerable.
一个坏掉的节点可以损坏附近的全部连接
One bad node can damage all of its neighboring connections...
甚至使整个网络瘫痪
Or even bring the whole network down.
尼古拉斯设计了一个实验
Nicholas is performing experiments
看他能否重塑人类的社交网络
to see if he can re-engineer human social networks
变得更像因特网
to be more like the Internet.
他的学生志愿者形成了一个单独的社交网络
His student volunteers form a single social network
分成了四个组
divided into four separate groups.
每个学生的目标都是赚到尽量多的钱
Every student's goal is to make as much money as possible.
小伙伴们，我们要做的是什么呢
Okay, guys, so here's what we're gonna do.
你们每个人面前有一美元和一张便签纸
Each of you has a dollar and a pad in front of you.
一会儿我会要求你们写下“给予”或者“拿走”
In a moment, I'm gonna ask you to write "give" or "take."
你可以向集体做贡献
You can contribute to the collective,
也可以做一个寄生虫，从集体中
or you can be a parasite and take advantage
获取利益，给还是拿
of the collective -- "Give" or "take."
然后你要展示你的选择
Then you'll be asked to reveal your choice
是否向中间贡献你的钱
and to contribute your dollar or not towards the middle.
我会将总金额翻倍
I will double the pot,
我们在每一桌上把钱
and then we'll divide the money equally
平均分给每一个人
amongst everyone at every table.
如果每个人都分享
If everybody shares,
大家互利共赢
everybody makes a good amount of money.
如果没人分享，大家一无所获
If nobody shares, nobody makes any money.
大家翻开吧
So, reveal.
很好，你们全是给予者
All right. You're all givers.
所以相应地，捐出你手中的钱
So make your contributions, as well, accordingly.
那麽，我们要做的是
And so, what we're gonna do is
我们把钱翻番，再均分
we're gonna double that and share.
一开始，多数人都对其他人很好
At first, most are nice to each other
分享奖金
and share in the rewards.
但有几个玩家选择不作贡献
But a few players choose not to contribute.
奖金翻倍时，他们得到的比其他人更多
When the pot is doubled, they get more than their peers.
在这几轮中
In these rounds,
学生们不能改变他们的社会关系
the students cannot change their society's social wiring.
你被分配在人际网络中的一个位置
So you're assigned a position in the network,
并被告知：这些人是你的邻居
and you're told, "these are your neighbors.
在接下来的一个小时里，这些人是你的朋友
These are your friends for the next hour.
你只能跟这些混♥蛋♥互动
And you're stuck now interacting with these jerks."
即使你不喜欢这样，你所能做的也只是
And you don't like it, but all you can do is control
控制你自己合作或是叛变，分享或者索取
whether you cooperate or defect, whether you share or take.
你一直在分享
And what happens after you've been sharing
而你周围的一些人却在索取
and some of the people around you are taking is
你将会说：我再也不分享了
you say, "I'm not gonna do that anymore,"
于是你也开始索取
and you switching to taking, as well.
整个组里再也没人分享
And sharing disappears from the system.
合作消失了
Cooperation goes away.
你会发现你处在一个索取者的社会中
And what you find is that you have then a society of takers.
但是现在尼古拉斯添加了一条重要的规则
But now Nicholas adds one important rule.
每一轮之后
After each round,
每个学生都可以选择换座位
each student has the option of moving seats.
你可以切断和那些叛徒的联♥系♥
Now you can cut the ties to the people who are defectors,
这些人在你身上获取利益
the people who are taking advantage of you
然后和人际网络中
and preferentially form ties
更友好的合作者
to other nice people in the network,
形成联♥系♥
to other cooperators.
如果你这样做了
And if you do that,
如果你在社会秩序中做出了这点小小的改变
if you make that small change in the social order,
你会发现系统中的合作变得欣欣向荣
what you find is cooperation flourishes in the system.
自私的人并没有离开
The selfish people haven't gone away,
但每个人所生活的社会
but the society that everybody now lives in
有了一个完全不同的文化
has a completely different culture.
尼古拉斯相信人类和社会
Nicholas believes humans and societies are
就像是一群碳原子
like groups of carbon atoms.
以一种方式排列它们
Arrange them one way,
你得到的是柔软的，不透明的石墨
and you get soft, opaque graphite.
如果换一种方式排列
But if you arrange those same atoms just right,
你可以得到坚硬、清澈、耀眼的钻石
you get strong, clear, sparkling diamond.
所以，柔软不透明
And so, these properties of softness and darkness
并不是碳原子的性质
aren't properties of the carbon atoms.
正如在我们的社群中
And it's just like that with our social groups.
同样的人用不同的方式连接起来
The same human beings connected different ways
赋予了群体不同的性质
gives the group different properties.
有些企业在试验
Some corporations are experimenting
一种开放的社交网络结构
with an open social network architecture.
员工可以自♥由♥地剪断
Employees are free to break bonds
和那些合不来的人的纽带
with any other employee they don't work well with
并形成新的
and form new ones.
类似的策略在国家的、甚至全球的
Could a similar strategy work for our national
社会上行得通吗？
or even global society?
如果我们全都能自♥由♥地移♥动♥
If we were all free to move around,
世上的仇恨会减少吗？
would there be less hate?
社交网络科学不会开处方
Network science doesn't offer one prescription.
不是说好像存在一种网络结构
It's not as if there's one network structure
对任何事都行得通
that's optimal for everything.
我只能说这样的结构关乎很多问题
What I can tell you is that network structure matters
对社交网络结构的规则
to lots of problems, and understanding the rules
和功能的理解给了我们
of social network structure and function gives us
一些新的工具去干预世界、让它变得更好
a new set of tools to intervene in the world to make it better.
我们也许不会很快解决偏执