与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

This region is associated with gut feeling
紧密相连
and fight-or-flight responses.
红色的部分把风险
Red brains experienced risk
当作有潜在回报的威胁
as a threat with a potential reward.
自♥由♥党人的大脑在赌博中始终用到“脑岛”
Liberal brains consistently use the insula when gambling,
一个与人的感知
a region associated
和感觉相结合的区域
with perception of one's own feelings.
蓝色的部分把风险当作待解决的问题
Blue brains experienced risk as a problem to be solved.
两种大脑在面对风险时得到了相似的结果
Both brains end up at similar conclusions about taking risks,
但他们工作的方式是不同的
but their brains experience it differently.
这能够告诉我们的是，政♥治♥上自♥由♥
What it tells us is that being a political liberal
或者政♥治♥上保守
or a political conservative influences
可以影响到我们看到的一切
everything that we see,
我们用不同的方式看待这个世界
that we see the world in really different ways,
我们使用不同的工具去处理
we use different mental tools when we're processing
即使像赌博这样简单的
even basic things like gambling
看起来和政♥治♥没什么关系的事情
that appear to have nothing to do with politics.
这令我们惊奇不已
And that just blew our minds.
那麽，为什么会这样呢？
So, why is this?
我们一生下来，政♥治♥倾向就已经
Are we born with our future politics
在我们大脑的结构中刻好了吗？
already fixed in the structure of our brains?
我们对此并不确定
We're unsure about this,
在一项研究中，参与研究的4到20岁的孩子
and I actually have a study where we're gonna be looking
构成了一个数据集
to see with a data set that has studied children
我们将观察
from age 4 to 20,
人们大脑的区别
the differences in people's brains
以及他们是否随时间而变化
and do they change over time.
我们现在能够知道的是
But what we know right now is that people,
人们在20岁左右
when they're around 20,
杏仁核和脑岛有着不同的大小
seem to have different sizes of amygdala and insula
取决于他们是自♥由♥党派还是保守党派
depending on whether they're liberals or conservatives.
戴伦期望看到的是，我们到达20岁时
Darren expects that, by the time we are 20,
我们之中的大多数
most of us will have solidified
脑中的政♥治♥色彩已经固化了
the color of our political brain.
自♥由♥党和保守党
The possibility of Harmony
和谐相处的可能性
between liberals and conservatives is
因此不太现实
therefore unlikely.
政♥治♥家和热衷政♥治♥的公民
Politicians and politically active citizens cannot
不能真实地看到另一方的事情
truly see things from the other side.
他们的大脑不允许他们如此
Their brains won't let them.
我们强烈的党派偏见就此保留下来
Our intense partisanship is probably here to stay.
但说不定有一种方法可以重新塑我们的大脑
But there may be a way to reshape our brains
去珍惜全人类的大局
to Cherish the greater good of all mankind
向其他人敞开心扉
and open our minds and hearts to one another
如果我们
if we all play
玩非常暴♥力♥的电子游戏的话
ultra-violent video games.
世界充满充满了仇恨
The world is full of hate.
排除偏执希望渺茫
Eliminating bigotry seems hopeless.
但有一种方法
But there may be a way --
另一种现实中，纯粹无杂质的暴♥力♥
Pure, unadulterated violence in an alternate reality.
马修·格瑞兹教授花了很多的时间
Professor Matthew grizzard has spent a lot of time
打游戏
playing video games.
但作为一个沟通研究人员
But as a communications researcher,
这些虚拟现实不止是娱乐而已
these mediated realities are more than just entertainment.
我们不需要区分
We don't necessarily distinguish very much
虚拟现实和真正的现实
between mediated reality and real reality.
我们看到视觉元素
We see visual elements.
我们听到听觉元素
We hear things, auditory elements.
我们的身体对这些元素作出反应
And our bodies respond to those elements
就像它们是真的一样
as if they were real.
沉浸在一个游戏中
Immersed in a game,
马修可以感受到他脉搏的跳动
Matthew can feel his pulse pounding
他的胃因强烈的体验而搅动
and his stomach churning from the intensity of the experience.
但有一天，游戏中的一关使他很不安
But one day, a level in a game downright disturbed him.
我处在一个电梯里
So, I'm in an elevator.
我打量四周
And I'm looking around,
我身边有很多武装军人
and there's a lot of armed men in military fatigues with me.
这个时候，电梯门开了
At that point, elevator doors open.
我们走了出来，面前是人山人海的机场
And we step out into what appears to be a crowded airport.
这时，命令下达
And at that point, the order is given,
我们举起枪，指向包围机场的
and we raise our guns to point at innocent civilians
无辜的平民
surrounding this airport.
然后，我们开始开枪
And then, we start firing.
马修感到很内疚
Matthew felt guilty
因为谋杀了这麽多无辜的像素
for murdering so many innocent pixels.
但作为一个社会心理学家，他知道这种罪恶感
But as a social psychologist, he knows that guilt is a feeling
可以深远地改变我们的行为
that can profoundly change our behavior.
我们想知道这种
We wanted to see if this guilt
由虚拟的环境引起的罪恶
that was elicited from virtual environments
会不会导致人们更多地思考真实世界的道德
could cause people to think more about real-world morality
并增加他们关于真实世界
and could actually increase their moral sensitivity
的道德感
to real-world issues.
媒体评论员经常指控暴♥力♥电子游戏
Media pundits often accuse violent video games
摧毁了我们青少年的道德
of destroying the morality of our youth.
真的是这样吗？
Is that really true?
马修请来了一系列的受试者玩一个游戏
Matthew has a series of test subjects play a game
在游戏中他们可以伤害模拟的人类
where they can hurt simulated human beings.
马修下令
So, Matthew gives the order
公然对人犯下罪行
to commit blatant crimes against humanity.
我们设定了一个场景，人们将扮演
So, we set up a situation where people are gonna play
一个暴♥力♥的第一视角枪手
a violent first-person shooter
他们参与恐怖行为
where they're engaging in terrorist behaviors,
他们旅行种族灭绝
where they're committing genocides
杀害无辜的平民
and they're killing innocent civilians,
他们进行区域轰炸，他们参与的事情
they're bombing areas, they're gauging in things
在真实世界中应该受到道德上的指责
that would be considered morally reprehensible in the real world.
马修的受试者
Matthew's subjects surrender
向游戏中的现实投降
to the alternative reality of the game.
在他们心里
Inside their minds...
他们生活在
They are living through the experience
作为杀人狂魔的体验之中
of being a mass murder.
退一步说
The game is guilt-inducing...
这个游戏会产生罪恶感
To say the least.
我们还有一个控制组，因为我们想要
So we also had a control group because we wanted to see
将游戏产生的罪恶感和真实世界的罪恶感
and distinguish video-game-induced guilt
区分开来
from real-world guilt.
我们让一些人回忆一个
So we had individuals remember a situation
让他们感到内疚的场景
in which they felt particularly guilty.
把这些写下来会让人很郁闷
Writing this out is emotionally taxing.
它唤起了痛苦的回忆
It brings back painful memories,
也许他们对爱人不忠
perhaps of the time they cheated on a lover
也许他们给其他人带来麻烦
or lied and got someone else in trouble
或者因为自身利益妨害了一个朋友
or sabotaged a friend for selfish gain.
在每一种情况下都有实实在在的人受到了伤害
In every case, real people were really hurt.
马修将控制组和谋杀模拟组进行了对比
Matthew compared this group to the murder-simulator group.
我们发现回忆真实世界经历的人
So, our findings showed that individuals recalling
感受到了更多的内疚
a real-world guilty experience actually felt more guilt
但游戏产生的罪恶感
but that guilt solicited by video game
和道德感的增加正面地联♥系♥了起来
was positively associated with increased moral sensitivity.
在虚拟世界中杀人如麻
Committing virtual mass murder
给了受试者更强的道德感
gave his subjects a stronger sense of morality.
这个结果令人意外
It's a surprising result,
但马修认为他知道为什么会是这样
but Matthew thinks he knows why it's the case.
玩家们违背了他们自己的公正感
The players violated their own personal sense of fairness.
他们无法纠正犯下的错误
They cannot right the wrongs they have committed,
所以他们潜意识中渴望做一个更好的人
so they atone with a subconscious desire
以此作为弥补
to be a better person.
我认为游戏的真正力量在于
I think that's the real power of video games.
你可以认为它们是一种道德沙箱
You can think of them as kind of moral sandboxes,
在这里我们可以探索不同方面的道德
as areas where we can explore different aspects of morality
甚至采纳与我们的核心道德