野性以色列（2016）

Partnerships are found all over the coral reef,
但观察者并不总是清楚互利.
but the mutual benefit is not always clear to the observer.
看看珊瑚,珊瑚虫和绿礁色,
Looking at the coral,Acropora,and the Green Reef Chromis,
对鱼的好处是显而易见的：它们会游泳
the benefit to the fish is clear: they swim
靠近珊瑚礁,需要的时候,
close to the coral,and when they need to,
从坚硬的树枝间逃出来.
escape between its tough branches.
但是珊瑚礁从这次合作中得到了什么？
But what does the coral gain from this partnership?
鱼类富含氮的分泌物丰富
The fishes' nitrogen-rich secretions enrich
含有必需营养的珊瑚.
the coral with essential nutrients.
由于鱼鳍的摆动,chromis鱼也能确保
And with their waving fins,the chromis fish also ensure
一股新鲜的富氧水.
a flow of fresh,oxygen-rich water.
如果没有这种私人鱼群,珊瑚可能会遭受损失
Without this private school of fish,corals may suffer
因为晚上缺氧.
from oxygen deprivation at night.
还有一些珊瑚不满意
And there are some corals that are not satisfied
与藻类和鱼类共生.
by symbioses with algae and fish.
这种圣诞树蠕虫,生长在珊瑚的骨架里,
This Christmas tree worm,grows inside this coral's skeleton,
一个安顿和成长的完美地方,
a perfect place to settle upon and grow,
享受来自捕食者的保护.
and enjoy the protection from predators.
作为回报,蠕虫为珊瑚提供了
In return,the worm provides the coral with a flow of
富氧水,是息肉的安全生长平台.
oxygen-rich water,and a safe growth platform for its polyps.
一个管风琴海绵也附着在珊瑚礁的底部.
A Pipe-organ sponge is also attached to the reef's base.
海绵是最简单和最古老的生物之一
Sponges are one of the simplest and most ancient creatures
在海洋里.
in the oceans.
它们的身体有一个复杂的开口网络,
Their body contains a complex network of openings,
隧♥道♥和洞里有特殊的细胞,
tunnels and cavities lined with special cells,
使水能被泵入他们的身体.
which enable water to be pumped into their body.
用这种方法,海绵可以过滤微小的食物颗粒
In this way the sponges strain microscopic food particles
从水里.
from the water.
海绵是珊瑚礁的“吸尘器”,用来清洗珊瑚礁的水
Sponges are the reef's 'vacuum cleaners',cleaning its water
从颗粒和保持水的透明度.
from particles and maintaining the water's clarity.
巨蚌也需要帮助,
The giant clam also needs help down here,
发展了一种共生关系
and has developed a symbiotic relationship
这使得它能够达到它的巨大规模.
that enables it to reach its massive size.
像珊瑚一样,蛤蜊和藻类一起工作
Like the corals,the clam works with algae
生活在组织内部的.
that live inside its tissues.
他们给蛤蜊提供糖.
They provide the clam with sugars.
作为回报,蛤蜊提供了一个舒适的家.
In return,the clam offers a comfortable home.
在埃拉特湾,蛤蜊重达30公斤.
In the Gulf of Eilat the clam reaches 30 kg.
但在大洋彼岸的其他蛤类
But beyond here in the great oceans other clam species
可长到300公斤重,寿命长达70年.
can grow to weigh 300kg and live up to 70 years.
如果大动物需要帮助,小动物
If the large animals need help,the small ones
更需要它.
need it even more.
这是黄斑点的黄鳝.
This is the Yellow Spotted Boxfish.
它的生命的第一部分是在同一个珊瑚礁中度过的.
It spends the first part of its life in the same coral.
面对危险,它从皮肤中释放出一种有毒的蛋白质.
Facing danger,it releases a toxic protein from its skin.
这种毒素对威胁它或它的珊瑚的鱼来说是致命的.
The toxin can be fatal for fish that threaten it or its coral.
甚至在它发动攻击之前,它明亮的黄色
And even before it goes on the attack,its bright yellow color
向所有潜在的捕食者发出警告：
sends a warning to all potential predators:
我有毒！
I am toxic!
当黄鳝成熟时,它的颜色变为蓝灰色.
When the boxfish matures its color changes to blue-gray.
当然,在埃拉特湾,有些鱼
Of course,in the Gulf of Eilat,some fish
用更强硬的方法活下去.
use tougher methods to stay alive.
这条海鳗寻找小鱼和甲壳类动物.
This moray eel searches for small fish and crustaceans.
尽管外表如此,海鳗并不是蛇.
Despite its appearance,the moray eel is not a snake.
实际上是一条鱼.而且它无毒.
It's actually a fish.And it's not poisonous.
许多种类的海鳗生活在埃拉特湾,
Many species of moray eel live in the Gulf of Eilat,
在海床上或礁石的避难所里.
in the sea bed or in the reef's refuges.
这些鱼适应了地表下的生活；
These fish are adapted to life beneath the surface;
他们的身体变长了,所有的突起都消失了
their bodies have lengthened and lost all protrusions
这可能会妨碍它挖沙子.
that might impede it from digging into the sand.
这样打猎就容易多了.
This makes hunting a lot easier.
为了捕捉猎物,这条蛇鳗鱼在地上挖洞
To trap its prey,this Snake eel digs into the ground
然后封锁任何通向开阔水域的逃生路线.
and then blocks any escape route to open water.
海鳗的身体被厚厚的皮肤所覆盖.
The moray eel's body is covered by very thick skin.
一些分泌粘性粘液排斥捕食者
Some secrete sticky mucus that repels predators
保护他们不受伤害.
and shields them from bruising.
鳗鱼可以张开嘴超过宽度
The eel can open its mouth beyond the width
它自己的身体,使它能够吞下重量
of its own body,enabling it to swallow fish that weigh
相当于它体重的三分之一！
as much as a third of its body weight!
海鳗的嗅觉很灵敏
The moray eel's sense of smell is so sensitive
它能在几十英尺外发现猎物.
it can detect prey dozens of feet away.
然后它以可怕的速度移♥动♥.
Then it moves with frightening speed.
海鳗停留在一个永久的区域,
Moray eels stick to a permanent area,
每次狩猎旅行后回家.
returning home after each hunting trip.
他们发现红背清洁虾在等着
They find the red-backed cleaner shrimp waiting
照顾他们.
to take care of them.
干净的虾从海鳗身上掠过
The cleaner shrimp moves over the moray eel cleaning away
死组织,寄生虫,食物和泥土,
dead tissue,parasites and bits of food and dirt,
即使是从嘴里.
even from inside its mouth.
对双方来说都是双赢的局面.
It's a win-win situation for both sides.
清洁虾面临一些竞争,
The cleaner shrimp faces some competition,
但似乎每个人都有足够的工作.
but it seems there's enough work for everyone.
在礁墙旁边有一条干净的鱼
Next to the reef wall a cleaner fish marks out
他的清洁站举♥行♥欢迎舞会.
his cleaning station with a welcome dance.
鱼儿经过清洗站
Fish passing by approach the cleaning station
得到优质的服务.
and receive excellent service.
即使是梭鱼也会得到照顾.
Even the barracuda gets taken care of.
几种较清洁的鱼生活在埃拉特湾；
Several species of cleaner fish live in the Gulf of Eilat;
每个人都根据自己的大小进行工作.
each one carries out its work according to its size.
一条更小更干净的鱼进入鳃口
A smaller cleaner fish enters the gill openings
一只河豚.
of a pufferfish.
有时候,清洁很烦人
Sometimes,the cleaning is annoying and the cleaner
被解雇了.
is dismissed.
但不用担心,它最早会回来的
but not to worry,it will return at the earliest
可利用的机会.
available opportunity.
在暗礁的一个壁龛里
In one of the reef's alcoves something secret
正在发生.
is taking place.
一个食人鱼接近一条海鳗并邀请它
A groper approaches a moray eel and invites it
参加联合狩猎探险队.
to a joint hunting expedition.
它的头朝鳗鱼的方向移♥动♥.
It moves its head in the eel's direction.
这是熟悉的信♥号♥♥.
this is the familiar signal.
海鳗接受邀请.
The moray eel accepts the invitation.
这种迷人的伙伴关系是在不同的物种之间发现的
This fascinating partnership is found between different species
海湾里的鳗鱼和海鳗.
of gropers and moray eels in the gulf.
每个合作伙伴在联合活动中都有不同的角色.
Each partner has a different role in the joint activity.
鳗鱼爬向前面的礁石裂缝,
The eel crawls ahead towards the reef crevices,
当呻♥吟♥者在外面等待的时候.
while the groper waits outside.
任何从腹股沟逃到暗礁避难所的猎物,
Any prey fleeing the groper for the reef refuge,
遇见鳗鱼.
meets the eel.
那些从鳗鱼里逃出来的被食人鱼吞下.
and those escaping from the eel are swallowed by the groper.
结果发现,一起打猎是5次
It turns out that hunting in tandem is five times
比单独打猎更有效.
more effective than hunting alone.
这种合作关系是如何形成的？
How did this partnership form?
它是只与本能有关还是暗示
Is it related only to instincts or does it indicate
智慧与鱼的学习？
intelligence and learning by the fishes?
直到被未来的研究者解决,
Until it is solved by a future researcher,
答案仍然是捕食者的秘密
the answer will remain the predators' secret
还有暗礁鱼的噩梦.
and the nightmare of the reef fish.
夜幕降临红海.
Night falls on the Red Sea.
它不会影响水温,但会影响黑暗
It does not affect the water's temperature,but the darkness
改变力量的平衡.
changes the balance of power.
白天活动的海洋生物
Sea creatures who were active during the day
撤到礁石上过夜.
withdraw to the reef to sleep through the night.
现在是捕食者的夜晚.
This is the hour of the night predators.
一群狮子鱼开始猎捕小玻璃鱼.
A group of lionfish sets out to hunt tiny glass fish.
玻璃鱼很小,可以被管珊瑚捕获
The glass fish are small enough to be caught by Tube Corals
透明的梳状水母,像水母,
The transparent comb jelly,which resembles a jellyfish,
现在也处于活动状态.
is also active now.
它在水中用几排睫毛移♥动♥,
It moves in the water using tiny rows of lashes,
在水中寻找浮游生物.
searching for plankton in the water.
晚上大多数的珊瑚都伸出它们的猎手,