与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S03E07

Part 6 April 19, 2021, 2:45 p.m.

这就成为了我的责任和惩罚的挡箭牌
operates as a shield to my liability and punishment.
又一次
Once again,
人们根据结果定罪
the criminal has been judged on results,
而不是意图
not on his intentions.
欧文怀疑可以
Owen suspects there is
通过神经学解释这种情况
a neurological explanation for this.
为了寻找人们试图
To find out what happens in the brain
估计罪恶程度时大脑中发生了什么
when we try to gauge levels of evil,
欧文对法官和陪审团进行了脑部扫描
Owen has put judges and jurors into brain scanners
并向他们呈现出类似的犯罪情景
and presented them with criminal scenarios like these.
他首先发现了
He first discovered significant activity
一个叫背外侧前额叶皮层的区域活性明显增强
in a region called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
这个区域负责分♥析♥和认知
It governs analysis and cognition.
大脑的这个部分
This part of the brain
看起来做了很多重活
seems to be doing a lot of the heavy lifting
来决定是否惩罚某个人
in deciding whether or not to punish someone at all.
但一旦前额叶皮层决定要惩罚某人
But once the prefrontal cortex decides to punish,
脑的另一部分决定了惩罚程度
another part of the brain decides how much --
这就是负责我们情感的杏仁体
the amygdala, which governs our emotions.
惩罚的决定是两个
The punishment decision is a product
完全不同区域的产物
of two very different regions --
一个分♥析♥高度理性
one highly analytic,
一个更为感性的决定惩罚的量
one more emotional that is setting a punishment amount --
这两部分独♥立♥地存在，但对于如何决定惩罚
that are separately deployed but yet jointly involved
又相互联♥系♥在一起
in yielding the punishment decision.
脑部情感与理性分♥析♥的部分的平衡作用
Balancing the emotional and analytic parts of the brain
是每个法官和陪审人员需要的神奇技巧
is the magic trick required of every judge and jury.
如果陪审团脑中这两部分的任何一个功能降低
If jurors have reduced function in either area,
他们的惩罚决定就有瑕疵
their punishment decisions could be flawed.
类似这样的研究也许会使
Research like this may enable us
我们的决定不再偏颇
to de-bias decisions
使我们在给人定罪时
really focused on those aspects of a person's behavior
尽量聚焦于考虑人类行为的
that we want to take most into account
多个方面
when setting degrees of culpability.
欧文希望他的发现
Owen hopes his findings
最终可以使定罪更为公平
will eventually lead to fairer sentencing --
最终使我们的司法体系
that we will eventually have a legal system
只把那些真正想害人的人
that only imprisons people
投入监狱
who truly want to do harm to others...
而不是那些意外造成悲剧结果的人
rather than those who simply made tragic errors.
但即使我们断定罪犯的方式进步了
But even if we improve the way we judge criminals,
我们还是无法进入消除邪恶的最后阶段
it will not be the endgame in the struggle to eliminate evil.
因为，历史见证
Because, as history bears witness,
有时候，整个社会都会失去它的道德指南
sometimes entire societies lose their moral compass.
我们如何才能消除邪恶所毒害所有的国家？
How do we stop the evil that poisons whole nations?
我们知道邪恶会扭曲个体思维
We know that evil can twist and bend solitary minds,
但是有另一种邪恶的形式会感染全社会
but there's another form of evil that infects whole societies.
它迫使普通人支持种族灭绝政♥权♥
It compels ordinary people to support genocidal regimes
和以奴隶制为基础的经济
and economies based on slavery.
是什么使社会都变坏了？
What makes societies turn bad?
我们能否阻止这样的情况发生？
Can we stop it from happening?
凯伦·温在耶鲁大学做的实验
Karen Wynn's experiments at Yale
表明即使婴儿也能分辨正义和邪恶
show that even babies have a sense of good and evil
而且还倾向于正义与善良
and seem to prefer goodness.
但凯伦做了另一个
But Karen runs another experiment
让人不怎么舒服的实验
that is far less comforting.
结果表明人类从很小的时候就
It shows that the human tendency to identify with groups
倾向于建立组群
and discriminate against those not in "our" group
歧视团体以外的人
starts very young.
这项研究中
In this study,
我们在婴儿前面放两种食物以供选择
we present the baby with two food choices --
全麦饼干，和青豆
graham crackers and, say, green beans.
接下来，我们把孩子带到实验室中
Then, we bring babies into our experimental room,
向他们展示两个玩偶
and they're introduced to two puppets.
每个玩偶会在
And each of the puppets gets a choice
全麦饼干和青豆中做出一个选择
between graham crackers and green beans.
嗯！好吃！我喜欢饼干！
Mmm! Yum! I like graham crackers!
另一个玩偶表现出了相反的选择
The other puppet shows the opposite preferences.
哟！呸！我不喜欢全麦饼干
Ew! Yuck! I don't like graham crackers.
我们非常可靠的发现
What we find, quite reliably,
婴儿们倾向于选择
is that babies tend to choose the puppet
和自己有相同口味的玩偶
who expressed the same tastes as they themselves did.
你喜欢哪个？
Which one do you like?
这个！
That one!
好，做得好！给他一个拥抱吧？
Okay, good job! Does he get a hug?
婴儿们不仅选择和他们口味相同的玩偶
Babies not only prefer puppets that agree with them,
他们还喜欢看到与自己口味不同的玩偶
they also like to see puppets that don't agree with them
受到惩罚
get punished.
嗨
Hi.
不喜欢全麦饼干的玩偶
The puppet who doesn't like graham crackers
成了圈外的人
has become an outsider --
不是婴儿团体中的一部分
not part of the baby's group.
当看到这样的结果时我感到很难过
My heart felt sad when I got that result
因为这就告诉我我们观察到的
because it did tell me that this preference for similarity
在不到一岁的孩子中
that we're observing
倾向于与自己相似的人或物的现象
in babies under a year of age
并不是不重要的、肤浅的、一闪而过的事
isn't just a trivial, superficial, fleeting thing,
这会通过他们的心理地形图
but it is having consequences
造成一系列的结果
across their psychological terrain,
就像他们如何考虑这些角色
in terms of how they think about these characters,
他们对这些角色的期望与看法
what they expect of them, their perceptions of them,
还有在社会中会受到什么样的待遇
and also how they want them to be treated in the social world.
凯伦认为我们的大脑天生就
Karen believes our brains are built to care more
更关心我们团体内与我们亲近的人
about people close to us, in our group,
而不是与我们相距较远的人
than those further away.
我们把自己隔离开来，仅简单地根据
And we segregate ourselves along lines drawn as simply
你是否喜欢全麦饼干
as whether or not you like graham crackers
或是是否有一样的肤色
or have the same color skin.
有时候这样会导致非常糟糕的结果
Sometimes this can have very bad consequences.
斯蒂夫·平克是哈佛的一位实验心理学家
Steve Pinker is an experimental psychologist
和认知科学家
and cognitive scientist at Harvard.
历史上许多最严重的暴行
A lot of the worst atrocities in history
都随着一部分人的人性丧失
came about when one group
或妖魔化另一部分人产生
dehumanized or demonized another.
他们会觉得这另一部分人是次等人类
They may have thought that they were subhuman,
就像害虫、老鼠或蟑螂
that they were like vermin, like rats or cockroaches.
许多道德进步会都随着
A lot of moral progress might come
我们改变自己的心态产生
when we change our mind-set,
不再把人分为不同的群体
and instead of dividing people into groups,
而是想成同一种类
think of the species as a group.
把世界看成一个大村子
Think of the world as being one big village
每个人都是我们部落的一部分
and everyone is part of our tribe.
斯蒂夫认为这种思考方式的改变
Steve thinks this change in thinking,
从认同小团体
from identifying with small groups
到属于一个包容一切的社会正在缓慢发生
to belonging to one inclusive society, is slowly happening.
最明显的效应就是暴♥力♥事件的急剧下降
The most obvious effect has been a dramatic decline in violence.
当我告诉人们暴♥力♥已经在
When I tell people that violence has been in decline
很长一段时间内减少了
for long stretches of time
我们可能生活在人类历史上
and that we're probably living in the most peaceful era
最安宁的时期的时候，他们都认为我是个疯子
in the history of our species, they think I'm nuts.
这就需要我通过写一本800页厚的书
So I had to make the case with a book that was 800 pages long,
一张又一张图，一组又一组数据
with graph after graph and statistic after statistic,
来向人们证明我的观点
just to prove the point to people.
比如说，距离我站的地方不远处
For example, not far from where I'm standing,
就是波士顿的一个区域
there's an area of Boston
过去曾被称作“战区”
that used to be called the "Combat Zone"
因为那里非常多的凶杀、
because there were so many murders
刺伤与抢劫事件
and stabbings and muggings.
现在那里被年轻的都市自♥由♥职业者占据
Now it's being re-colonized by young urban professionals.
或许几百年前，据这里不远处
Or a few hundred years ago, there were wars going on,