与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S03E02

Part 4 April 19, 2021, 2:44 p.m.

有人会说，“贵妇犬？就凭它那样子？”
Some people say, "the poodle? That's a froufrou dog."
不，贵妇犬是猎犬，好不好
No, the poodle is a retriever, okay?
再说，又不是它自己想剪那种傻叉发型
And he didn't ask for that silly haircut.
如果某些品种的狗比其他的更聪明
If some breeds of dogs are smarter than others,
那么对于在狗链另一端
why could that not be true
牵着狗的那种动物，何尝不同呢？
for the animals at the other end of the leash?
德拉华大学的社会学家琳达·高德弗逊
University of Delaware sociologist Linda Gottfredson
分♥析♥了过去二十年间的
has been analyzing I.Q. test scores
智商测试结果
for the past two decades.
她声称，他们揭示了智力、遗传学和种族之间
She claims they reveal a subtle but measurable link
微妙但可度量的联♥系♥
between intelligence, genetics, and race.
对于智力这种非常复杂的特质
For very complex traits like intelligence,
许多基因都有小的影响
many genes have small effect,
可能会促使一个人这样或那样
may push a person this way or that.
那是相当相当地难以发现
And they're really, really hard to find.
个体的智商
Individual I.Q.s
就像海滩上沙粒一样多种多样
are as diverse as the grains of sand on a beach.
但琳达认为，在这一片嘈杂中有共同的模式
But Linda believes there are patterns in this noise,
我们基因决定的模式
patterns that depend on our genes.
每个父母都知道
As any parent knows,
兄弟姐♥妹♥们♥看起来不一样
brothers and sisters look different.
他们往往有不同的个性
They often have different personalities,
他们的智力水平通常也有差异
and they often have different levels of intelligence.
兄弟姐妹间平均差异
The average difference between siblings
大约是12个智商分值
is 12 I.Q. points.
如果将行走在沙滩上的人们随机相比
If you compare to random people walking on the beach,
你可能问到，他们之间的差异是多少？
you might ask, "Well, how different are those people?"
陌生人之间平均差异是17个分值
On the average, strangers differ by 17 I.Q. points.
所以，生物学上的兄弟姐妹之间的差异
So, you see that biological brothers and sisters
是街上随机陌生人之间
are 2/3 as different on the average
差异的大约2/3
as random strangers on the street.
陌生人之间基因差异更大
The genes of strangers vary more than those of siblings,
琳达认为，没有血缘关系就是他们智商差异更大的原因
and Linda argues this is why their I.Q.s vary more.
她对数据的解释
Her interpretation of this data
给了她一个有争议的概念
has led her to a controversial notion,
即种族之间的基因差异
that the genetic differences between races
可能会导致
might lead to differences
种族之间平均智力的差异
in the average intelligence of those races.
我猜测
I guess there would be
人类多样性有两条准则
two rules about human diversity.
其一是大量的变异出现在
One is that there's lots of variation
所有的群体之中
within all groups,
而且，群体之间也会有层次
but there's also a gradation between the groups
所以这里有再发的
so that there are recurring
有时会是大的平均差异
and sometimes large average differences
在不同的人种之间
between racial ethnic groups.
每个群体中人的智商分值
I.Q. scores in any group of people
都表现为钟形曲线
are spread across a bell curve
分布在70分到130分之间
ranging from a score of about 70 to about 130.
两端都会有异常值
There are outliers on either end,
但大多数人都集中在平均值附近
but most people are clustered around an average.
智商的平均值在不同人种之间
There are differences between racial ethnic groups
存在差异
on the average in I.Q.
白人的平均智商被人为设置为100
The average white I.Q. is arbitrarily set at 100.
美国和其他西方国家的黑人
Blacks in the United States and in many other western countries
的平均值为85
average 85.
西班牙裔的平均值大约在80
Hispanics -- the average would be about 80.
美洲原住民大约也在这个等级
Native Americans around that level.
日裔和华裔美国人
And then Japanese and Chinese Americans
超过了白人的平均值
above the white average.
德系犹太人♥大♥约在110到115
And then Ashkenazi Jews probably around 110, 115.
琳达的研究使她被科学驱逐
Linda's research has made her a scientific outcast.
她甚至被称为种族主义者，虽然她声明否认
She's even been called a racist, a claim she denies.
批评者认为，智商测试的结果
Her critics argue that I.Q. tests results
被社会经济因素严重歪曲
are heavily skewed by socioeconomic factors.
童年时期的营养，医疗保健的获取
Childhood nutrition and access to healthcare
在不同种族之间差别非常广泛
can vary widely between different racial groups.
如果你居住在
If you live in a good neighborhood
拥有好学校的好街区
with well-funded schools,
你可能会习惯于
you are more likely to be accustomed
智商测试中的学术环境
to the academic setting of an I.Q. test.
如果你居住在这样的街区
And if you live in those neighborhoods,
你更可能是亚裔或者白人
you are more likely to be Asian or White.
也有人关心
There are also concerns
测试问题是否有文化偏见
over whether the test questions have a cultural bias,
一个反映偏见的事实是
a bias reflected by the fact
白人的平均智商被设置为100
that it's the white I.Q. average that's set to 100.
一个种族会否比其他的更聪明？
Is one race smarter than another?
去决议你如何定义聪明
Depends on what you mean by smart.
智商分数能否预言
Could I.Q. scores predict
例如毕加索这样的大艺术家
the greatness of an artist like Picasso
或者甘地这样的政♥治♥领袖？
or of a political leader like Gandhi?
智商是一个狭隘的观念
I.Q. is a narrow obsession.
没有两个人想法是完全相同的
No two people think the same way,
这与他们的种族无关
regardless of their race.
所以，提出新问题
So, here's a new question.
如果此刻，不同种族的大脑是相似的
If the brains of the races are similar now,
会一直是这样吗？
will that always be true?
我们仍在进化中
We are still evolving.
会否有一天，我们的大脑会变得具有
Could our brains one day become as different
像博德牧羊犬和贝高犬那样的差异吗？
as those of Border Collies and beagles?
进化给人类提供了一种难以置信的资产
Evolution has given human beings one incredible asset --
卓越的神经细胞网络
the remarkable network of nerve cells
正在你的脑袋中蜂鸣
buzzing around inside our heads.
三磅重的软组织的生长
The growth of these three pounds of soft tissue
使人类智慧
catapulted human intelligence
远远超越于其他物种之上
to a level far above the other species.
它还能走多远？
How much further can it grow?
我们最终能否进化出一种超级种族
Will we eventually evolve into a superior race
超级智慧人类
of super-intelligent humans?
神经科学教授西蒙·劳克林
Neuroscience Professor Simon Laughlin
在剑桥大学研究大脑的能量/能力
from the University of Cambridge studies brain power.
他测试
He tests the limits
大脑和神经细胞能力的极限
of what brains and their nerve cells can do,
通过观察它们要烧掉多少燃料
all the while watching how much fuel they guzzle.
我关心大脑表现的
So, I'm interested in what the physical limits
物理极限
to the performance of brains are
以及是什么决定了大脑的处理能力
and in what determines the processing power of brains.
西蒙创立了一种独特的方法
Simon has developed a unique way to see
观察活体大脑正在处理多少信息
just how much information living brains are processing
并同时记录
while simultaneously keeping track
他们消耗了多少能量
of how much energy they are using.
他观察人类大脑的窗户
His window into the human brain
是通过苍蝇球形眼睛
is through the bulbous eyes of flies.
一个更简单的系统
They're a simpler system,
好比先看一个便携式计算器
so it's like looking at a pocket calculator
在你试图逐步弄懂
before you work up to actually trying to understand
一个真正的大型电脑之前
a really big computer.
苍蝇大脑工作的基本原理
The basic principles by which the fly's brain operates
和我们的是相同的
is the same as ours,
但是它们更容易开展工作
but they're much easier to work with,
而且我们对它们做了什么了解得更多
and we have a much more complete understanding of what they do.
西蒙测量苍蝇大脑的能力
Simon's ability to measure the performance of fly brains
归功于这些昆虫最令人讨厌的特征
is all thanks to this insect's most bothersome characteristic.
任何一个试图拍苍蝇的人
Anybody who's tried to swat a fly knows
都知道它们擅长检测运动
that they're very good at detecting movement.
为了做到这一点苍蝇们必须能够
And to do that, they have to be able to respond
对迅速变化的光线作出响应
to very rapid and fast changes in light.
事实上，检测光线
In fact, detecting light
是苍蝇大脑完成的主要任务
is most of what a fly's brain does.